➺ ffmprovisr ❥

Basic structure of an FFmpeg command

At its basis, an FFmpeg command is relatively simple. After you have installed FFmpeg (see instructions here), the program is invoked simply by typing ffmpeg at the command prompt.

Subsequently, each instruction that you supply to FFmpeg is actually a pair: a flag, which designates the type of action you want to carry out; and then the specifics of that action. Flags are always prepended with a hyphen.

For example, in the instruction -i input_file.ext, the -i flag tells FFmpeg that you are supplying an input file, and input_file.ext states which file it is.

Likewise, in the instruction -c:v prores, the flag -c:v tells FFmpeg that you want to encode the video stream, and prores specifies which codec is to be used. (-c:v is shorthand for -codec:v/-codec:video).

A very basic FFmpeg command looks like this:

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file.ext

path and name of the input file

-flag some_action

tell FFmpeg to do something, by supplying a valid flag and action

output_file.ext

path and name of the output file.
Because this is the last part of the command, the filename you type here does not have a flag designating it as the output file.

Streaming vs. Saving

FFplay allows you to stream created video and FFmpeg allows you to save video.

The following command creates and saves a 10-second video of SMPTE bars:

ffmpeg -f lavfi -i smptebars=size=640x480 -t 5 output_file

This command plays and streams SMPTE bars but does not save them on the computer:

ffplay -f lavfi smptebars=size=640x480

The main difference is small but significant: the -i flag is required for FFmpeg but not required for FFplay. Additionally, the FFmpeg script needs to have -t 5 and output.mkv added to specify the length of time to record and the place to save the video.

Batch and Loop script usage

ffmpeg -nostdin -i input_file ...

One of the frequent uses of FFmpeg is to run batch commands within loops to, for example, generate access files for an entire collection at once.

When running an FFmpeg command within a loop it is often necessary to use the -nostdin flag prior to the input in order to ensure successful execution of the commands. This is needed to override FFmpeg's default behavior of enabling interaction on standard input which can result in errors as loop inputs are fed to the ongoing command.

Codec Defaults

Unless specified, FFmpeg will automatically set codec choices and codec parameters based off of internal defaults. These defaults are applied based on the file type used in the output (for example .mov or .wav).

When creating or transcoding files with FFmpeg, it is important to consider codec settings for both audio and video, as the default options may not be desirable in your particular context. The following is a brief list of codec defaults for some common file types:

• .avi: Audio Codec: mp3, Video Codec: mpeg4
• .mkv: Audio Codec: ac3, Video Codec: H.264
• .mov: Audio Codec: AAC, Video Codec: H.264
• .mp4: Audio Codec: AAC, Video Codec: H.264
• .mpg: Audio Codec: mp2, Video Codec: mpeg1video
• .mxf: Audio Codec: pcm_s16le, Video Codec: mpeg2video
• .wav: Audio Codec: pcm_s16le (16 bit PCM)

Filtergraphs

Many FFmpeg commands use filters that manipulate the video or audio stream in some way: for example, hflip to horizontally flip a video, or amerge to merge two or more audio tracks into a single stream.

The use of a filter is signaled by the flag -vf (video filter) or -af (audio filter), followed by the name and options of the filter itself. For example, take the convert colorspace command:

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v libx264 -vf colormatrix=src:dst output_file

Here, colormatrix is the filter used, with src and dst representing the source and destination colorspaces. This part following the -vf is a filtergraph.

It is also possible to apply multiple filters to an input, which are sequenced together in the filtergraph. A chained set of filters is called a filter chain, and a filtergraph may include multiple filter chains. Filters in a filterchain are separated from each other by commas (,), and filterchains are separated from each other by semicolons (;). For example, take the inverse telecine command:

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v libx264 -vf "fieldmatch,yadif,decimate" output_file

Here we have a filtergraph including one filter chain, which is made up of three video filters.

It is often prudent to enclose your filtergraph in quotation marks; this means that you can use spaces within the filtergraph. Using the inverse telecine example again, the following filter commands are all valid and equivalent:

• -vf fieldmatch,yadif,decimate
• -vf "fieldmatch,yadif,decimate"
• -vf "fieldmatch, yadif, decimate"

but -vf fieldmatch, yadif, decimate is not valid.

The ordering of the filters is significant. Video filters are applied in the order given, with the output of one filter being passed along as the input to the next filter in the chain. In the example above, fieldmatch reconstructs the original frames from the inverse telecined video, yadif deinterlaces (this is a failsafe in case any combed frames remain, for example if the source mixes telecined and real interlaced content), and decimate deletes duplicated frames. Clearly, it is not possible to delete duplicated frames before those frames are reconstructed.

Notes

• -vf is an alias for -filter:v
• If the command involves more than one input or output, you must use the flag -filter_complex instead of -vf.
• Straight quotation marks ("like this") rather than curved quotation marks (“like this”) should be used.

For more information, check out the FFmpeg wiki Filtering Guide.

Stream mapping

Stream mapping is the practice of defining which of the streams (e.g., video or audio tracks) present in an input file will be present in the output file. FFmpeg recognizes five stream types:

• a - audio
• v - video
• s - subtitle
• d - data (including timecode tracks)
• t - attachment

Mapping is achieved by use of the -map flag, followed by an action of the type file_number:stream_type[:stream_number]. Numbering is zero-indexed, and it's possible to map by stream type and/or overall stream order within the input file. For example:

• -map 0:v means ‘take all video streams from the first input file’.
• -map 0:3 means ‘take the fourth stream from the first input file’.
• -map 0:a:2 means ‘take the third audio stream from the first input file’.
• -map 0:0 -map 0:2 means ‘take the first and third streams from the first input file’.
• -map 0:1 -map 1:0 means ‘take the second stream from the first input file and the first stream from the second input file’.

When no mapping is specified in an ffmpeg command, the default for video files is to take just one video and one audio stream for the output: other stream types, such as timecode or subtitles, will not be copied to the output file by default. If multiple video or audio streams are present, the best quality one is automatically selected by FFmpeg.

To map all streams in the input file to the output file, use -map 0. However, note that not all container formats can include all stream types: for example, .mp4 cannot contain timecode.

Mapping with a failsafe

To safely process files that may or may not contain given a type of stream, you can add a trailing ? to your map commands: for example, -map 0:a? instead of -map 0:a.

This makes the map optional: audio streams will be mapped over if they are present in the file—but if the file contains no audio streams, the transcode will proceed as usual, minus the audio stream mapping. Without adding the trailing ?, FFmpeg will exit with an error on that file.

This is especially recommended when batch processing video files: it ensures that all files in your batch will be transcoded, whether or not they contain audio streams.

For more information, check out the FFmpeg wiki Map page, and the official FFmpeg documentation on -map.

Rewrap a file

ffmpeg -i input_file.ext -c copy -map 0 output_file.ext

This script will rewrap a video file. It will create a new video video file where the inner content (the video, audio, and subtitle data) of the original file is unchanged, but these streams are rehoused within a different container format.

Note: rewrapping is also known as remuxing, short for re-multiplexing.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file.ext

path and name of the input file

-c copy

copy the streams directly, without re-encoding.

-map 0

map all streams of the input to the output.
By default, FFmpeg will only map one stream of each type (video, audio, subtitles) to the output file. However, files may have multiple streams of a given type - for example, a video may have several audio tracks for different languages. Therefore, if you want to preserve all the streams in the original, it's necessary to use this option.

output_file.ext

path and name of the output file.
The new container you are rewrapping to is defined by the filename extension used here, e.g. .mkv, .mp4, .mov.

Important caveat

It may not be possible to rewrap a file's contents to a new container without re-encoding one or more of the streams within (that is, the video, audio, and subtitle tracks). Some containers can only contain streams of a certain encoding type: for example, the .mp4 container does not support uncompressed audio tracks. (In practice .mp4 goes hand-in-hand with a H.264-encoded video stream and an AAC-encoded video stream, although other types of video and audio streams are possible). Another example is that the Matroska container does not allow data tracks.

In such cases, FFmpeg will throw an error. If you encounter errors of this kind, you may wish to consult the list of transcoding recipes.

Generate Broadcast WAV

ffmpeg -i input_file.wav -c copy -write_bext 1 -metadata field_name='Content' output_file.wav

This command will write a file in the Broadcast Wave Format (BWF) containing a BEXT chunk with related metadata.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file.wav

path and name of the input file

-c copy

this will copy the encoding/sample rate etc from the input. If not using a WAV as the input file you will have to specify codec settings in place of this.

-write_bext 1

tells FFmpeg to write a BEXT chunk, the part of the file where BWF metadata is stored.

-metadata field_name='Content'

This is where you can specify which BEXT fields to write, and what information to fill them with by replacing field_name and 'Content' respectively. See below for additional details.

Notes: You can choose which fields to write by repeating -metadata field_name='Content' for each desired field. Flags for commonly used fields (such as those recommended by the FADGI guidelines) are as follows:

• description
• originator
• originator_reference
• origination_date
• origination_time
• coding_history
• IARL

Example: -metadata originator='US, UW Libraries'

Additionally, users should be aware that BWF metadata fields are limited by characters, with some such as OriginatorReference maxing out at 32. Specific information can be found in the Broadcast Wave Format specification. Additional examples of BWF metadata usage can be found in the Sound Directions report by Indiana University and Harvard.

Rewrap DV video to .dv file

ffmpeg -i input_file -f rawvideo -c:v copy output_file.dv

This script will take a video that is encoded in the DV Codec but wrapped in a different container (such as MOV) and rewrap it into a raw DV file (with the .dv extension). Since DV files potentially contain a great deal of provenance metadata within the DV stream, it is necessary to rewrap files in this method to avoid unintentional stripping of this metadata.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path and name of the input file

-f rawvideo

this tells FFmpeg to pass the video stream as raw video data without remuxing. This step is what ensures the survival of embedded metadata versus a standard rewrap.

-c:v copy

copy the DV stream directly, without re-encoding.

output_file.dv

tells FFmpeg to use the DV wrapper for the output.

Transcode into a deinterlaced Apple ProRes LT

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v prores -profile:v 1 -vf yadif -c:a pcm_s16le output_file

This command transcodes an input file into a deinterlaced Apple ProRes 422 LT file with 16-bit linear PCM encoded audio. The file is deinterlaced using the yadif filter (Yet Another De-Interlacing Filter).

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-c:v prores

tells FFmpeg to transcode the video stream into Apple ProRes 422

-profile:v 1

Declares profile of ProRes you want to use. The profiles are explained below:

• 0 = ProRes 422 (Proxy)
• 1 = ProRes 422 (LT)
• 2 = ProRes 422 (Standard)
• 3 = ProRes 422 (HQ)

-vf yadif

Runs a deinterlacing video filter (yet another deinterlacing filter) on the new file. -vf is an alias for -filter:v.

-c:a pcm_s16le

tells FFmpeg to encode the audio stream in 16-bit linear PCM

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file
There are currently three possible containers for ProRes 422 and 4444 which are all supported by FFmpeg: QuickTime (.mov), Matroska (.mkv) and Material eXchange Format (.mxf).

FFmpeg comes with more than one ProRes encoder:

• prores is much faster, can be used for progressive video only, and seems to be better for video according to Rec. 601 (Recommendation ITU-R BT.601).
• prores_ks generates a better file, can also be used for interlaced video, allows also encoding of ProRes 4444 (-c:v prores_ks -profile:v 4) and ProRes 4444 XQ (-c:v prores_ks -profile:v 5), and seems to be better for video according to Rec. 709 (Recommendation ITU-R BT.709).

Transcode to H.264

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -c:a aac output_file

This command takes an input file and transcodes it to H.264 with an .mp4 wrapper, audio is transcoded to AAC. The libx264 codec defaults to a “medium” preset for compression quality and a CRF of 23. CRF stands for constant rate factor and determines the quality and file size of the resulting H.264 video. A low CRF means high quality and large file size; a high CRF means the opposite.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-c:v libx264

tells FFmpeg to encode the video stream as H.264

-pix_fmt yuv420p

libx264 will use a chroma subsampling scheme that is the closest match to that of the input. This can result in Y′C_BC_R 4:2:0, 4:2:2, or 4:4:4 chroma subsampling. QuickTime and most other non-FFmpeg based players can’t decode H.264 files that are not 4:2:0. In order to allow the video to play in all players, you can specify 4:2:0 chroma subsampling.

-c:a aac

encode audio as AAC.
AAC is the codec most often used for audio streams within an .mp4 container.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

In order to optimize the file for streaming, you can add this preset:

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -c:a aac -movflags +faststart output_file

-movflags +faststart

This tells FFmpeg to move some of the essential metadata to the start of the file, which permits starting viewing before the file finishes downloading (an ideal characteristic for streaming).

In order to use the same basic command to make a higher quality file, you can add some of these presets:

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -preset veryslow -crf 18 -c:a aac output_file

-preset veryslow

This option tells FFmpeg to use the slowest preset possible for the best compression quality.
Available presets, from slowest to fastest, are: veryslow, slower, slow, medium, fast, faster, veryfast, superfast, ultrafast.

-crf 18

Specifying a lower CRF will make a larger file with better visual quality. For H.264 files being encoded with a 4:2:0 chroma subsampling scheme (i.e., using -pix_fmt yuv420p), the scale ranges between 0-51 for 8-bit content, with 0 being lossless and 51 the worst possible quality.
If no crf is specified, libx264 will use a default value of 23. 18 is often considered a “visually lossless” compression.

By default, this recipe will include one track of each type (e.g. audio, video) in the output file. If you wish to include more tracks, consult the entry on stream mapping.

For more information, see the FFmpeg and H.264 Encoding Guide on the FFmpeg wiki.

Transcode to H.264/H.265 using the GPU

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v h264_nvenc -preset llhq -rc:v vbr_hq -cq:v 19 -b:v 8000k -maxrate:v 12000k -profile:v high -c:a copy output_file

This command takes an input file and transcodes it to H.264 using the encoding functionality of an Nvidia GPU (without transcoding the audio). If you're using H.264 with AAC or AC3 audio, you can output to an .mp4 file; if you're using HEVC and/or more exotic audio, you should output to .mkv. While Nvidia's fixed-function hardware can be 10x as performant as encoding on the CPU, it requires a few more parameters in order to optimize quality at lower bitrates.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-c:v h264_nvenc

tells FFmpeg to encode the video stream as H.264 using Nvidia's encoder.

-preset llhq

uses the "low latency, high quality" encoding preset, a good default when working with nvenc.

-rc:v vbr_hq

means "variable bitrate, high quality," allowing you to set a minimum and maximum bitrate for the encode.

-cq:v 19

is the same as the CRF quality level specified using x264 or other CPU-based encoders, where 0 is lossless, 51 is the worst possible quality, and values from 18-23 are typical.

-b:v 8000k -maxrate:v 12000k

corresponds to a minimum bitrate of 8 megabits (8000k) per second, and a maximum of 12 megabits per second. nvenc is not as good at estimating bitrates as CPU-based encoders, and without this data, will occasionally choose a visibly lower bitrate. The 8-12 mbit range is generally a good one for high-quality 1080p h264.

-profile:v high

uses the "high quality" profile of h264, something that's been baked in to the spec for a long time so that older players can declare compatibility; almost all h264 video now uses high.

-c:a copy

will skip reencoding the audio stream, and copy the audio from the source file.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

In order to encode to HEVC instead, and optionally transcode the audio, you can try changing the command like this:

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v hevc_nvenc -preset llhq -rc:v vbr_hq -cq:v 19 -b:v 5000k -maxrate:v 8000k -profile:v main10 -c:a aac output_file

-c:v hevc_nvenc

encodes to HEVC (also called H.265), a more efficient codec supported on GPUs from approximately 2015 and newer.

-b:v 5000k -maxrate:v 8000k

specifies a slightly lower bitrate than when using h264, per HEVC's greater efficiency.

-profile:v main10

declares the "main10" profile for working with HEVC; one of the primary advantages of this codec is better support for 10-bit video, enabling consumer HDR.

-c:a aac

reencodes the audio to AAC with default parameters, a very common and widely supported format for access copies.

Much of the information in this entry was taken from this superuser.com post provided by an Nvidia developer, one of the best sources of information on the ffmpeg Nvidia encoders.

H.264 from DCP

ffmpeg -i input_video_file.mxf -i input_audio_file.mxf -c:v libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -c:a aac output_file.mp4

This will transcode MXF wrapped video and audio files to an H.264 encoded MP4 file. Please note this only works for unencrypted, single reel DCPs.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_video_file

path and name of the video input file. This extension must be .mxf

-i input_audio_file

path and name of the audio input file. This extension must be .mxf

-c:v libx264

transcodes video to H.264

-pix_fmt yuv420p

sets pixel format to yuv420p for greater compatibility with media players

-c:a aac

re-encodes using the AAC audio codec
Note that sadly MP4 cannot contain sound encoded by a PCM (Pulse-Code Modulation) audio codec

output_file.mp4

path, name and .mp4 extension of the output file

Variation: Copy PCM audio streams by using Matroska instead of the MP4 container

ffmpeg -i input_video_file.mxf -i input_audio_file.mxf -c:v libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -c:a copy output_file.mkv

-c:a copy

re-encodes using the same audio codec

output_file.mkv

path, name and .mkv extension of the output file

Create FFV1 Version 3 video in a Matroska container with framemd5 of input

ffmpeg -i input_file -map 0 -dn -c:v ffv1 -level 3 -g 1 -slicecrc 1 -slices 16 -c:a copy output_file.mkv -f framemd5 -an framemd5_output_file

This will losslessly transcode your video with the FFV1 Version 3 codec in a Matroska container. In order to verify losslessness, a framemd5 of the source video is also generated. For more information on FFV1 encoding, try the FFmpeg wiki.

ffmpeg

starts the command.

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file.

-map 0

Map all streams that are present in the input file. This is important as FFmpeg will map only one stream of each type (video, audio, subtitles) by default to the output video.

-dn

ignore data streams (data no). The Matroska container does not allow data tracks.

-c:v ffv1

specifies the FFV1 video codec.

-level 3

specifies Version 3 of the FFV1 codec.

-g 1

specifies intra-frame encoding, or GOP=1.

-slicecrc 1

Adds CRC information for each slice. This makes it possible for a decoder to detect errors in the bitstream, rather than blindly decoding a broken slice. (Read more here).

-slices 16

Each frame is split into 16 slices. 16 is a good trade-off between filesize and encoding time.

-c:a copy

copies all mapped audio streams.

output_file.mkv

path and name of the output file. Use the .mkv extension to save your file in a Matroska container.

-f framemd5

Decodes video with the framemd5 muxer in order to generate MD5 checksums for every frame of your input file. This allows you to verify losslessness when compared against the framemd5s of the output file.

-an

ignores the audio stream when creating framemd5 (audio no)

framemd5_output_file

path, name and extension of the framemd5 file.

Convert DVD to H.264

ffmpeg -i concat:input_file_1\|input_file_2\|input_file_3 -c:v libx264 -c:a aac output_file.mp4

This command allows you to create an H.264 file from a DVD source that is not copy-protected.

Before encoding, you’ll need to establish which of the .VOB files on the DVD or .iso contain the content that you wish to encode. Inside the VIDEO_TS directory, you will see a series of files with names like VTS_01_0.VOB, VTS_01_1.VOB, etc. Some of the .VOB files will contain menus, special features, etc, so locate the ones that contain target content by playing them back in VLC.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i concat:input files

lists the input VOB files and directs FFmpeg to concatenate them. Each input file should be separated by a backslash and a pipe, like so:
-i concat:VTS_01_1.VOB\|VTS_01_2.VOB\|VTS_01_3.VOB
The backslash is simply an escape character for the pipe (|).

-c:v libx264

sets the video codec as H.264

-c:a aac

encode audio as AAC.
AAC is the codec most often used for audio streams within an .mp4 container.

output_file.mp4

path and name of the output file

It’s also possible to adjust the quality of your output by setting the -crf and -preset values:

ffmpeg -i concat:input_file_1\|input_file_2\|input_file_3 -c:v libx264 -crf 18 -preset veryslow -c:a aac output_file.mp4

-crf 18

sets the constant rate factor to a visually lossless value. Libx264 defaults to a crf of 23, considered medium quality; a smaller CRF value produces a larger and higher quality video.

-preset veryslow

A slower preset will result in better compression and therefore a higher-quality file. The default is medium; slower presets are slow, slower, and veryslow.

Bear in mind that by default, libx264 will only encode a single video stream and a single audio stream, picking the ‘best’ of the options available. To preserve all video and audio streams, add -map parameters:

ffmpeg -i concat:input_file_1\|input_file_2 -map 0:v -map 0:a -c:v libx264 -c:a aac output_file.mp4

-map 0:v

encodes all video streams

-map 0:a

encodes all audio streams

Transcode to H.265/HEVC

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v libx265 -pix_fmt yuv420p -c:a copy output_file

This command takes an input file and transcodes it to H.265/HEVC in an .mp4 wrapper, keeping the audio codec the same as in the original file.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input file

path, name and extension of the input file

-c:v libx265

tells FFmpeg to encode the video as H.265

-pix_fmt yuv420p

libx265 will use a chroma subsampling scheme that is the closest match to that of the input. This can result in Y′C_BC_R 4:2:0, 4:2:2, or 4:4:4 chroma subsampling. For widest accessibility, it’s a good idea to specify 4:2:0 chroma subsampling.

-c:a copy

tells FFmpeg not to change the audio codec

output file

path, name and extension of the output file

The libx265 encoding library defaults to a ‘medium’ preset for compression quality and a CRF of 28. CRF stands for ‘constant rate factor’ and determines the quality and file size of the resulting H.265 video. The CRF scale ranges from 0 (best quality [lossless]; largest file size) to 51 (worst quality; smallest file size).

A CRF of 28 for H.265 can be considered a medium setting, corresponding to a CRF of 23 in encoding H.264, but should result in about half the file size.

To create a higher quality file, you can add these presets:

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v libx265 -pix_fmt yuv420p -preset veryslow -crf 18 -c:a copy output_file

-preset veryslow

This option tells FFmpeg to use the slowest preset possible for the best compression quality.

-crf 18

Specifying a lower CRF will make a larger file with better visual quality. 18 is often considered a ‘visually lossless’ compression.

Transcode to Ogg/Theora

ffmpeg -i input_file -acodec libvorbis -b:v 690k output_file

This command takes an input file and transcodes it to Ogg/Theora in an .ogv wrapper with 690k video bitrate.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input file

path, name and extension of the input file

-acodec libvorbis

tells FFmpeg to encode the audio using libvorbis

-b:v 690k

specifies the 690k video bitrate

output file

path, name and extension of the output file (make sure to include the .ogv filename suffix)

This recipe is based on Paul Rouget's recipes.

WAV to MP3

ffmpeg -i input_file.wav -write_id3v1 1 -id3v2_version 3 -dither_method triangular -out_sample_rate 48k -qscale:a 1 output_file.mp3

This will convert your WAV files to MP3s.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path and name of the input file

-write_id3v1 1

This will write metadata to an ID3v1 tag at the head of the file, assuming you’ve embedded metadata into the WAV file.

-id3v2_version 3

This will write metadata to an ID3v2.3 tag at the tail of the file, assuming you’ve embedded metadata into the WAV file.

-dither_method triangular

Dither makes sure you don’t unnecessarily truncate the dynamic range of your audio.

-out_sample_rate 48k

Sets the audio sampling frequency to 48 kHz. This can be omitted to use the same sampling frequency as the input.

-qscale:a 1

This sets the encoder to use a constant quality with a variable bitrate of between 190-250kbit/s. If you would prefer to use a constant bitrate, this could be replaced with -b:a 320k to set to the maximum bitrate allowed by the MP3 format. For more detailed discussion on variable vs constant bitrates see here.

output_file

path and name of the output file

A couple notes

• About ID3v2.3 tag: ID3v2.3 is better supported than ID3v2.4, FFmpeg's default ID3v2 setting.
• About dither methods: FFmpeg comes with a variety of dither algorithms, outlined in the official docs, though some may lead to unintended, drastic digital clipping on some systems.

Generate two access MP3s from input. One with appended audio (such as a copyright notice) and one unmodified.

ffmpeg -i input_file -i input_file_to_append -filter_complex "[0:a:0]asplit=2[a][b];[b]afifo[bb];[1:a:0][bb]concat=n=2:v=0:a=1[concatout]" -map "[a]" -codec:a libmp3lame -dither_method triangular -qscale:a 2 output_file.mp3 -map "[concatout]" -codec:a libmp3lame -dither_method triangular -qscale:a 2 output_file_appended.mp3

This script allows you to generate two derivative audio files from a master while appending audio from a separate file (for example a copyright or institutional notice) to one of them.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file (the master file)

-i input_file_to_append

path, name and extension of the input file (the file to be appended to access file)

-filter_complex

enables the complex filtering to manage splitting the input to two audio streams

[0:a:0]asplit=2[a][b];

asplit allows audio streams to be split up for separate manipulation. This command splits the audio from the first input (the master file) into two streams "a" and "b"

[b]afifo[bb];

this buffers the stream "b" to help prevent dropped samples and renames stream to "bb"

[1:a:0][bb]concat=n=2:v=0:a=1[concatout]

concat is used to join files. n=2 tells the filter there are two inputs. v=0:a=1 Tells the filter there are 0 video outputs and 1 audio output. This command appends the audio from the second input to the beginning of stream "bb" and names the output "concatout"

-map "[a]"

this maps the unmodified audio stream to the first output

-codec:a libmp3lame -dither_method triangular -qscale:a 2

sets up MP3 options (using constant quality)

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file (unmodified)

-map "[concatout]"

this maps the modified stream to the second output

-codec:a libmp3lame -dither_method triangular -qscale:a 2

sets up MP3 options (using constant quality)

output_file_appended

path, name and extension of the output file (with appended notice)

WAV to AAC/MP4

ffmpeg -i input_file.wav -c:a aac -b:a 128k -dither_method triangular -ar 44100 output_file.mp4

This will convert your WAV file to AAC/MP4.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path and name of the input file

-c:a aac

sets the audio codec to AAC

-b:a 128k

sets the bitrate of the audio to 128k

-dither_method triangular

Dither makes sure you don’t unnecessarily truncate the dynamic range of your audio.

-ar 44100

sets the audio sampling frequency to 44100 Hz, or 44.1 kHz, or “CD quality”

output_file

path and name of the output file

A note about dither methods. FFmpeg comes with a variety of dither algorithms, outlined in the official docs, though some may lead to unintended, not-subtle digital clipping on some systems.

Transform 4:3 aspect ratio into 16:9 with pillarbox

Transform a video file with 4:3 aspect ratio into a video file with 16:9 aspect ratio by correct pillarboxing.

ffmpeg -i input_file -filter:v "pad=ih*16/9:ih:(ow-iw)/2:(oh-ih)/2" -c:a copy output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-filter:v "pad=ih*16/9:ih:(ow-iw)/2:(oh-ih)/2"

video padding
This resolution independent formula is actually padding any aspect ratio into 16:9 by pillarboxing, because the video filter uses relative values for input width (iw), input height (ih), output width (ow) and output height (oh).

-c:a copy

re-encodes using the same audio codec
For silent videos you can replace -c:a copy by -an.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Transform 16:9 aspect ratio video into 4:3 with letterbox

Transform a video file with 16:9 aspect ratio into a video file with 4:3 aspect ratio by correct letterboxing.

ffmpeg -i input_file -filter:v "pad=iw:iw*3/4:(ow-iw)/2:(oh-ih)/2" -c:a copy output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-filter:v "pad=iw:iw*3/4:(ow-iw)/2:(oh-ih)/2"

video padding
This resolution independent formula is actually padding any aspect ratio into 4:3 by letterboxing, because the video filter uses relative values for input width (iw), input height (ih), output width (ow) and output height (oh).

-c:a copy

re-encodes using the same audio codec
For silent videos you can replace -c:a copy by -an.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Flip the video image horizontally and/or vertically

ffmpeg -i input_file -filter:v "hflip,vflip" -c:a copy output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-filter:v "hflip,vflip"

flips the image horizontally and vertically
By using only one of the parameters hflip or vflip for filtering the image is flipped on that axis only. The quote marks are not mandatory.

-c:a copy

re-encodes using the same audio codec
For silent videos you can replace -c:a copy by -an.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Transform SD into HD with pillarbox

Transform a SD video file with 4:3 aspect ratio into an HD video file with 16:9 aspect ratio by correct pillarboxing.

ffmpeg -i input_file -filter:v "colormatrix=bt601:bt709, scale=1440:1080:flags=lanczos, pad=1920:1080:240:0" -c:a copy output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-filter:v "colormatrix=bt601:bt709, scale=1440:1080:flags=lanczos, pad=1920:1080:240:0"

set colour matrix, video scaling and padding
Three filters are applied:

1. The luma coefficients are modified from SD video (according to Rec. 601) to HD video (according to Rec. 709) by a color matrix. Note that today Rec. 709 is often used also for SD and therefore you may cancel this parameter.
2. The scaling filter (scale=1440:1080) works for both upscaling and downscaling. We use the Lanczos scaling algorithm (flags=lanczos), which is slower but gives better results than the default bilinear algorithm.
3. The padding filter (pad=1920:1080:240:0) completes the transformation from SD to HD.

-c:a copy

re-encodes using the same audio codec
For silent videos you can replace -c:a copy with -an.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

If your source is interlaced, you will want to deinterlace prior to scaling. In that case, your command would look like this:

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v libx264 -filter:v "yadif, colormatrix=bt601:bt709, scale=1440:1080:flags=lanczos, pad=1920:1080:240:0" -c:a copy output_file

See the Interlaced NTSC to MP4 recipe for a fuller explanation of the deinterlacing step.

Change Display Aspect Ratio without re-encoding

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:a copy -c:v copy -aspect 4:3 output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-c:a copy

Copy all mapped audio streams.

-c:v copy

Copy all mapped video streams.

-aspect 4:3

Change Display Aspect Ratio to 4:3. Experiment with other aspect ratios such as 16:9. If used together with -c:v copy, it will affect the aspect ratio stored at container level, but not the aspect ratio stored in encoded frames, if it exists.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Transcode video to a different colorspace

This command uses a filter to convert the video to a different colorspace.

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v libx264 -vf colormatrix=src:dst output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input file

path, name and extension of the input file

-c:v libx264

tells FFmpeg to encode the video stream as H.264

-vf colormatrix=src:dst

the video filter colormatrix will be applied, with the given source and destination colorspaces.
Accepted values include bt601 (Rec.601), smpte170m (Rec.601, 525-line/NTSC version), bt470bg (Rec.601, 625-line/PAL version), bt709 (Rec.709), and bt2020 (Rec.2020).
For example, to convert from Rec.601 to Rec.709, you would use -vf colormatrix=bt601:bt709.

output file

path, name and extension of the output file

Note: Converting between colorspaces with FFmpeg can be done via either the colormatrix or colorspace filters, with colorspace allowing finer control (individual setting of colorspace, transfer characteristics, primaries, range, pixel format, etc). See this entry on the FFmpeg wiki, and the FFmpeg documentation for colormatrix and colorspace.

Convert colorspace and embed colorspace metadata

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v libx264 -vf colormatrix=src:dst -color_primaries val -color_trc val -colorspace val output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input file

path, name and extension of the input file

-c:v libx264

encode video as H.264

-vf colormatrix=src:dst

the video filter colormatrix will be applied, with the given source and destination colorspaces.

-color_primaries val

tags video with the given color primaries.
Accepted values include smpte170m (Rec.601, 525-line/NTSC version), bt470bg (Rec.601, 625-line/PAL version), bt709 (Rec.709), and bt2020 (Rec.2020).

-color_trc val

tags video with the given transfer characteristics (gamma).
Accepted values include smpte170m (Rec.601, 525-line/NTSC version), gamma28 (Rec.601, 625-line/PAL version)¹, bt709 (Rec.709), bt2020_10 (Rec.2020 10-bit), and bt2020_12 (Rec.2020 12-bit).

-colorspace val

tags video as being in the given colourspace.
Accepted values include smpte170m (Rec.601, 525-line/NTSC version), bt470bg (Rec.601, 625-line/PAL version), bt709 (Rec.709), bt2020_cl (Rec.2020 constant luminance), and bt2020_ncl (Rec.2020 non-constant luminance).

output file

path, name and extension of the output file

Examples

To Rec.601 (525-line/NTSC):

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v libx264 -vf colormatrix=bt709:smpte170m -color_primaries smpte170m -color_trc smpte170m -colorspace smpte170m output_file

To Rec.601 (625-line/PAL):

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v libx264 -vf colormatrix=bt709:bt470bg -color_primaries bt470bg -color_trc gamma28 -colorspace bt470bg output_file

To Rec.709:

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v libx264 -vf colormatrix=bt601:bt709 -color_primaries bt709 -color_trc bt709 -colorspace bt709 output_file

MediaInfo output examples:

⚠ Using this command it is possible to add Rec.709 tags to a file that is actually Rec.601 (etc), so apply with caution!

These commands are relevant for H.264 and H.265 videos, encoded with libx264 and libx265 respectively.

Note: If you wish to embed colorspace metadata without changing to another colorspace, omit -vf colormatrix=src:dst. However, since it is libx264/libx265 that writes the metadata, it’s not possible to add these tags without re-encoding the video stream.

For all possible values for -color_primaries, -color_trc, and -colorspace, see the FFmpeg documentation on codec options.

1. Out of step with the regular pattern, -color_trc doesn’t accept bt470bg; it is instead here referred to directly as gamma.
In the Rec.601 standard, 525-line/NTSC and 625-line/PAL video have assumed gammas of 2.2 and 2.8 respectively. ↩

Modify image and sound speed

E.g. for converting 24fps to 25fps with audio pitch compensation for PAL access copies. (Thanks @kieranjol!)

ffmpeg -i input_file -r output_fps -filter_complex "[0:v]setpts=input_fps/output_fps*PTS[v]; [0:a]atempo=output_fps/input_fps[a]" -map "[v]" -map "[a]" output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-r output_fps

sets the frame rate of the output_file

-filter_complex "[0:v]setpts=input_fps/output_fps*PTS[v]; [0:a]atempo=output_fps/input_fps[a]"

A complex filter is needed here, in order to handle video stream and the audio stream separately. The setpts video filter modifies the PTS (presentation time stamp) of the video stream, and the atempo audio filter modifies the speed of the audio stream while keeping the same sound pitch. Note that the parameter order for the image and for the sound are inverted:

• In the video filter setpts the numerator input_fps sets the input speed and the denominator output_fps sets the output speed; both values are given in frames per second.
• In the sound filter atempo the numerator output_fps sets the output speed and the denominator input_fps sets the input speed; both values are given in frames per second.

The different filters in a complex filter can be divided either by comma or semicolon. The quotation marks allow to insert a space between the filters for readability.

-map "[v]"

maps the video stream and

-map "[a]"

maps the audio stream together into:

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Fade both video and audio streams

ffmpeg -i input_file -filter:v "fade=in:st=IN_POINT:d=DURATION, fade=out:st=OUT_POINT:d=DURATION" -filter:a "afade=in:st=OUT_POINT:d=DURATION, afade=out:st=IN_POINT:d=DURATION" -c:v libx264 -c:a aac output_file

This command fades your video in and out. Change IN_POINT, OUT_POINT, and DURATION to the time in seconds (expressed as integers).

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-filter:v "fade=in:st=IN_POINT:d=DURATION, fade=out:st=OUT_POINT:d=DURATION"

applies a video filter that fades your video in and out. st sets the start and d sets the duration.

-filter:a "afade=in:st=IN_POINT:d=DURATION, afade=out:st=OUT_POINT:d=DURATION"

applies an audio filter that fades your video in and out. st sets the start and d sets the duration.

-c:v video_codec

as a video filter is used, it is not possible to use -c copy. The video must be re-encoded with whatever video codec is chosen, e.g. ffv1, v210 or prores.

-c:a audio_codec

as an audio filter is used, it is not possible to use -c copy. The audio must be re-encoded with whatever audio codec is chosen, e.g. aac.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output_file

Synchronize video and audio streams

ffmpeg -i input_file -itsoffset 0.125 -i input_file -map 1:v -map 0:a -c copy output_file

A command to slip the video channel approximate 2 frames (0.125 for a 25fps timeline) to align video and audio drift, if generated during video tape capture for example.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-itsoffset 0.125

uses itsoffset command to set offset to 0.125 of a second. The offset time must be a time duration specification, see FFMPEG Utils Time Duration Syntax.

-i input_file

repeat path, name and extension of the input file

-map 1:v -map 0:a

selects the video channel for itsoffset command. To slip the audio channel reverse the selection to -map 0:v -map 1:a.

-c copy

copies the encode settings of the input_file to the output_file

output_file_resync

path, name and extension of the output_file

Set stream properties

Find undetermined or unknown stream properties

These examples use QuickTime inputs and outputs. The strategy will vary or may not be possible in other file formats. In the case of these examples it is the intention to make a lossless copy while clarifying an unknown characteristic of the stream.

ffprobe input_file -show_streams

ffprobe

starts the command

input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-show_streams

Shows metadata of stream properties

Values that are set to 'unknown' and 'undetermined' may be unspecified within the stream. An unknown aspect ratio would be expressed as '0:1'. Streams with many unknown properties may have interoperability issues or not play as intended. In many cases, an unknown or undetermined value may be accurate because the information about the source is unclear, but often the value is intended to be known. In many cases the stream will played with an assumed value if undetermined (for instance a display_aspect_ratio of '0:1' may be played as 'WIDTH:HEIGHT'), but this may or may not be what is intended. Use carefully.

Set aspect ratio

If the display_aspect_ratio is set to '0:1' it may be clarified with the -aspect option and stream copy.

ffmpeg -i input_file -c copy -map 0 -aspect DAR_NUM:DAR_DEN output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-c copy

Using stream copy for all streams

-map 0

tells FFmpeg to map all streams of the input to the output.

-aspect DAR_NUM:DAR_DEN

Replace DAR_NUM with the display aspect ratio numerator and DAR_DEN with the display aspect ratio denominator, such as -aspect 4:3 or -aspect 16:9.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Adding other stream properties.

Other properties may be clarified in a similar way. Replace -aspect and its value with other properties such as shown in the options below. Note that setting color values in QuickTime requires that -movflags write_colr is set.

-color_primaries VALUE -movflags write_colr

Set a new color_primaries value.

-color_trc VALUE -movflags write_colr

Set a new color_transfer value.

-field_order VALUE

Set interlacement values.

The possible values for -color_primaries, -color_trc, and -field_order are given in the Codec Options section of the FFmpeg docs - scroll down to near the bottom of the section.

Crop video

ffmpeg -i input_file -vf "crop=width:height" output_file

This command crops the input video to the dimensions defined

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-vf "width:height"

Crops the video to the given width and height (in pixels).
By default, the crop area is centered: that is, the position of the top left of the cropped area is set to x = (input_width - output_width) / 2, y = input_height - output_height) / 2.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

It's also possible to specify the crop position by adding the x and y coordinates representing the top left of your cropped area to your crop filter, as such:

ffmpeg -i input_file -vf "crop=width:height[:x_position:y_position]" output_file

Examples

The original frame, a screenshot of Maggie Cheung in the film Hero:

Result of the command ffmpeg -i maggie.mov -vf "crop=500:500" output_file:

Result of the command ffmpeg -i maggie.mov -vf "crop=500:500:0:0" output_file, appending :0:0 to crop from the top left corner:

Result of the command ffmpeg -i maggie.mov -vf "crop=500:300:500:30" output_file:

Change video color to black and white

ffmpeg -i input_file -filter_complex hue=s=0 -c:a copy output_file

A basic command to alter color hue to black and white using filter_complex (credit @FFMPEG via Twitter).

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-filter_complex hue=s=0

uses filter_complex command to set the hue to black and white

-c:a copy

copies the encode settings of the input_file to the output_file

output_file

path, name and extension of the output_file

An alternative that preserves interlacing information for a ProRes 422 HQ file generated, for example, from a tape master (credit Dave Rice):

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v prores_ks -flags +ildct -map 0 -c:a copy -profile:v 3 -vf hue=s=0 output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-c:v prores_ks

encodes the video to ProRes (prores_ks marks the stream as interlaced, unlike prores)

-flags +ildct

ensures that the output_file has interlaced field encoding, using interlace aware discrete cosine transform

-map 0

ensures ffmpeg maps all streams of the input_file to the output_file

-c:a copy

copies the encode settings of the input_file to the output_file

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Extract audio from an AV file

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:a copy -vn output_file

This command extracts the audio stream without loss from an audiovisual file.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-c:a copy

re-encodes using the same audio codec

-vn

no video stream

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Combine audio tracks into one in a video file

ffmpeg -i input_file -filter_complex "[0:a:0][0:a:1]amerge[out]" -map 0:v -map "[out]" -c:v copy -shortest output_file

This command combines two audio tracks present in a video file into one stream. It can be useful in situations where a downstream process, like YouTube’s automatic captioning, expect one audio track. To ensure that you’re mapping the right audio tracks run ffprobe before writing the script to identify which tracks are desired. More than two audio streams can be combined by extending the pattern present in the -filter_complex option.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-filter_complex

tells ffmpeg that we will be using a complex filter

"

quotation mark to start filtergraph

[0:a:0][0:a:1]amerge[out]

combines the two audio tracks into one

"

quotation mark to end filtergraph

-map 0:v

map the video

-map "[out]"

map the combined audio defined by the filter

-c:v copy

copy the video

-shortest

limit to the shortest stream

output_file

path, name and extension of the video output file

Flip audio phase shift

ffmpeg -i input_file -af pan="stereo|c0=c0|c1=-1*c1" output_file

This command inverses the audio phase of the second channel by rotating it 180°.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input file

path, name and extension of the input file

-af

specifies that the next section should be interpreted as an audio filter

pan=

tell the quoted text below to use the pan filter

"stereo|c0=c0|c1=-1*c1"

maps the output's first channel (c0) to the input's first channel and the output's second channel (c1) to the inverse of the input's second channel

output file

path, name and extension of the output file

Calculate Loudness Levels

ffmpeg -i input_file -af loudnorm=print_format=json -f null -

This filter calculates and outputs loudness information in json about an input file (labeled input) as well as what the levels would be if loudnorm were applied in its one pass mode (labeled output). The values generated can be used as inputs for a 'second pass' of the loudnorm filter allowing more accurate loudness normalization than if it is used in a single pass.

These instructions use the loudnorm defaults, which align well with PBS recommendations for target loudness. More information can be found at the loudnorm documentation.

Information about PBS loudness standards can be found in the PBS Technical Operating Specifications document. Information about EBU loudness standards can be found in the EBU R 128 recommendation document.

ffmpeg

starts the command

input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-af loudnorm

activates the loudnorm filter

print_format=json

sets the output format for loudness information to json. This format makes it easy to use in a second pass. For a more human readable output, this can be set to print_format=summary

-f null -

sets the file output to null (since we are only interested in the metadata generated)

RIAA Equalization

ffmpeg -i input_file -af aemphasis=type=riaa output_file

This will apply RIAA equalization to an input file allowing correct listening of audio transferred 'flat' (without EQ) from records that used this EQ curve. For more information about RIAA equalization see the Wikipedia page on the subject.

ffmpeg

starts the command

input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-af aemphasis=type=riaa

activates the aemphasis filter and sets it to use RIAA equalization

output_file

path and name of output file

Reverse CD Pre-Emphasis

ffmpeg -i input_file -af aemphasis=type=cd output_file

This will apply de-emphasis to reverse the effects of CD pre-emphasis in the somewhat rare case of CDs that were created with this technology. Use this command to create more accurate listening copies of files that were ripped 'flat' (without any de-emphasis) where the original source utilized emphasis. For more information about CD pre-emphasis see the Hydrogen Audio page on this subject.

ffmpeg

starts the command

input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-af aemphasis=type=cd

activates the aemphasis filter and sets it to use CD equalization

output_file

path and name of output file

One Pass Loudness Normalization

ffmpeg -i input_file -af loudnorm=dual_mono=true -ar 48k output_file

This will normalize the loudness of an input using one pass, which is quicker but less accurate than using two passes. This command uses the loudnorm filter defaults for target loudness. These defaults align well with PBS recommendations, but loudnorm does allow targeting of specific loudness levels. More information can be found at the loudnorm documentation.

Information about PBS loudness standards can be found in the PBS Technical Operating Specifications document. Information about EBU loudness standards can be found in the EBU R 128 recommendation document.

ffmpeg

starts the command

input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-af loudnorm

activates the loudnorm filter with default settings

dual_mono=true

(optional) Use this for mono files meant to be played back on stereo systems for correct loudness. Not necessary for multi-track inputs.

-ar 48k

Sets the output sample rate to 48 kHz. (The loudnorm filter upsamples to 192 kHz so it is best to manually set a desired output sample rate).

output_file

path, name and extension for output file

Two Pass Loudness Normalization

ffmpeg -i input_file -af loudnorm=dual_mono=true:measured_I=input_i:measured_TP=input_tp:measured_LRA=input_lra:measured_thresh=input_thresh:offset=target_offset:linear=true -ar 48k output_file

This command allows using the levels calculated using a first pass of the loudnorm filter to more accurately normalize loudness. This command uses the loudnorm filter defaults for target loudness. These defaults align well with PBS recommendations, but loudnorm does allow targeting of specific loudness levels. More information can be found at the loudnorm documentation.

Information about PBS loudness standards can be found in the PBS Technical Operating Specifications document. Information about EBU loudness standards can be found in the EBU R 128 recommendation document.

ffmpeg

starts the command

input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-af loudnorm

activates the loudnorm filter with default settings

dual_mono=true

(optional) use this for mono files meant to be played back on stereo systems for correct loudness. Not necessary for multi-track inputs.

measured_I=input_i

use the 'input_i' value (integrated loudness) from the first pass in place of input_i

measured_TP=input_tp

use the 'input_tp' value (true peak) from the first pass in place of input_tp

measured_LRA=input_lra

use the 'input_lra' value (loudness range) from the first pass in place of input_lra

measured_LRA=input_thresh

use the 'input_thresh' value (threshold) from the first pass in place of input_thresh

offset=target_offset

use the 'target_offset' value (offset) from the first pass in place of target_offset

linear=true

tells loudnorm to use linear normalization

-ar 48k

Sets the output sample rate to 48 kHz. (The loudnorm filter upsamples to 192 kHz so it is best to manually set a desired output sample rate).

output_file

path, name and extension for output file

Fix AV Sync: Resample audio

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v copy -c:a pcm_s16le -af "aresample=async=1000" output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-c:v copy

Copy all mapped video streams.

-c:a pcm_s16le

tells FFmpeg to encode the audio stream in 16-bit linear PCM (little endian)

-af "aresample=async=1000"

Uses the aresample filter to stretch/squeeze samples to given timestamps, with a maximum of 1000 samples per second compensation.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file. Try different file extensions such as mkv, mov, mp4, or avi.

Join files together

ffmpeg -f concat -i mylist.txt -c copy output_file

This command takes two or more files of the same file type and joins them together to make a single file. All that the program needs is a text file with a list specifying the files that should be joined. If possible, run the command from the same directory where the files and the text file reside. Otherwise you'll have to use -safe 0, see below for more information. However, it only works properly if the files to be combined have the exact same codec and technical specifications. Be careful, FFmpeg may appear to have successfully joined two video files with different codecs, but may only bring over the audio from the second file or have other weird behaviors. Don’t use this command for joining files with different codecs and technical specs and always preview your resulting video file!

ffmpeg

starts the command

-f concat

forces ffmpeg to concatenate the files and to keep the same file format

-i mylist.txt

path, name and extension of the input file. Per the FFmpeg documentation, it is preferable to specify relative rather than absolute file paths, as allowing absolute file paths may pose a security risk.
This text file contains the list of files (without their absolute path) to be concatenated and should be formatted as follows:

  file 'first_file.ext'
  file 'second_file.ext'
  . . .
  file 'last_file.ext'

In the above, file is simply the word "file". Straight apostrophes ('like this') rather than curved quotation marks (‘like this’) must be used to enclose the file paths.
Note: If specifying absolute file paths in the .txt file, add -safe 0 before the input file.
e.g.: ffmpeg -f concat -safe 0 -i mylist.txt -c copy output_file

-c copy

use stream copy mode to re-mux instead of re-encode

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

For more information, see the FFmpeg wiki page on concatenating files.

Join files together

ffmpeg -i input_1.avi -i input_2.mp4 -filter_complex "[0:v:0][0:a:0][1:v:0][1:a:0]concat=n=2:v=1:a=1[video_out][audio_out]" -map "[video_out]" -map "[audio_out]" output_file

This command takes two or more files of the different file types and joins them together to make a single file.

The input files may differ in many respects - container, codec, chroma subsampling scheme, framerate, etc. However, the above command only works properly if the files to be combined have the same dimensions (e.g., 720x576). Also note that if the input files have different framerates, then the output file will be of variable framerate.

Some aspects of the input files will be normalized: for example, if an input file contains a video track and an audio track that do not have exactly the same duration, the shorter one will be padded. In the case of a shorter video track, the last frame will be repeated in order to cover the missing video; in the case of a shorter audio track, the audio stream will be padded with silence.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_1.ext

path, name and extension of the first input file

-i input_2.ext

path, name and extension of the second input file

-filter_complex

states that a complex filtergraph will be used

"

quotation mark to start filtergraph

[0:v:0][0:a:0]

selects the first video stream and first audio stream from the first input.
Each reference to a specific stream is enclosed in square brackets. In the first stream reference, 0:v:0, the first zero refers to the first input file, v means video stream, and the second zero indicates that it is the first video stream in the file that should be selected. Likewise, 0:a:0 means the first audio stream in the first input file.
As demonstrated above, ffmpeg uses zero-indexing: 0 means the first input/stream/etc, 1 means the second input/stream/etc, and 4 would mean the fifth input/stream/etc.

[1:v:0][1:a:0]

As described above, this means select the first video and audio streams from the second input file.

concat=

starts the concat filter

n=2

states that there are two input files

:

separator

v=1

sets the number of output video streams.
Note that this must be equal to the number of video streams selected from each segment.

:

separator

a=1

sets the number of output audio streams.
Note that this must be equal to the number of audio streams selected from each segment.

[video_out]

name of the concatenated output video stream. This is a variable name which you define, so you could call it something different, like “vOut”, “outv”, or “banana”.

[audio_out]

name of the concatenated output audio stream. Again, this is a variable name which you define.

"

quotation mark to end filtergraph

-map "[video_out]"

map the concatenated video stream into the output file by referencing the variable defined above

-map "[audio_out]"

map the concatenated audio stream into the output file by referencing the variable defined above

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

If no characteristics of the output files are specified, ffmpeg will use the default encodings associated with the given output file type. To specify the characteristics of the output stream(s), add flags after each -map "[out]" part of the command.

For example, to ensure that the video stream of the output file is visually lossless H.264 with a 4:2:0 chroma subsampling scheme, the command above could be amended to include the following:
-map "[video_out]" -c:v libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -preset veryslow -crf 18

Likewise, to encode the output audio stream as mp3, the command could include the following:
-map "[audio_out]" -c:a libmp3lame -dither_method triangular -qscale:a 2

Variation: concatenating files of different resolutions

To concatenate files of different resolutions, you need to resize the videos to have matching resolutions prior to concatenation. The most basic way to do this is by using a scale filter and giving the dimensions of the file you wish to match:

-vf scale=1920:1080:flags=lanczos

(The Lanczos scaling algorithm is recommended, as it is slower but better than the default bilinear algorithm).

The rescaling should be applied just before the point where the streams to be used in the output file are listed. Select the stream you want to rescale, apply the filter, and assign that to a variable name (rescaled_video in the below example). Then you use this variable name in the list of streams to be concatenated.

ffmpeg -i input_1.avi -i input_2.mp4 -filter_complex "[0:v:0] scale=1920:1080:flags=lanczos [rescaled_video], [rescaled_video] [0:a:0] [1:v:0] [1:a:0] concat=n=2:v=1:a=1 [video_out] [audio_out]" -map "[video_out]" -map "[audio_out]" output_file

However, this will only have the desired visual output if the inputs have the same aspect ratio. If you wish to concatenate an SD and an HD file, you will also wish to pillarbox the SD file while upscaling. (See the Convert 4:3 to pillarboxed HD command). The full command would look like this:

ffmpeg -i input_1.avi -i input_2.mp4 -filter_complex "[0:v:0] scale=1440:1080:flags=lanczos, pad=1920:1080:(ow-iw)/2:(oh-ih)/2 [to_hd_video], [to_hd_video] [0:a:0] [1:v:0] [1:a:0] concat=n=2:v=1:a=1 [video_out] [audio_out]" -map "[video_out]" -map "[audio_out]" output_file

Here, the first input is an SD file which needs to be upscaled to match the second input, which is 1920x1080. The scale filter enlarges the SD input to the height of the HD frame, keeping the 4:3 aspect ratio; then, the video is pillarboxed within a 1920x1080 frame.

Variation: concatenating files of different framerates

If the input files have different framerates, then the output file may be of variable framerate. To explicitly obtain an output file of constant framerate, you may wish convert an input (or multiple inputs) to a different framerate prior to concatenation.

You can speed up or slow down a file using the fps and atempo filters (see also the Modify speed command).

Here's an example of the full command, in which input_1 is 30fps, input_2 is 25fps, and 25fps is the desired output speed.

ffmpeg -i input_1.avi -i input_2.mp4 -filter_complex "[0:v:0] fps=fps=25 [video_to_25fps]; [0:a:0] atempo=(25/30) [audio_to_25fps]; [video_to_25fps] [audio_to_25fps] [1:v:0] [1:a:0] concat=n=2:v=1:a=1 [video_out] [audio_out]" -map "[video_out]" -map "[audio_out]" output_file

Note that the fps filter will drop or repeat frames as necessary in order to achieve the desired frame rate - see the FFmpeg fps docs for more details.

For more information, see the FFmpeg wiki page on concatenating files of different types.

Split file into segments

ffmpeg -i input_file -c copy -map 0 -f segment -segment_time 60 -reset_timestamps 1 output_file-%03d.mkv

ffmpeg

Starts the command.

-i input_file

Takes in a normal file.

-c copy

Use stream copy mode to re-mux instead of re-encode.

-map 0

tells FFmpeg to map all streams of the input to the output.

-f segment

Use segment muxer for generating the output.

-segment_time 60

Set duration of each segment (in seconds). This example creates segments with max. duration of 60s each.

-reset_timestamps 1

Reset timestamps of each segment to 0. Meant to ease the playback of the generated segments.

output_file-%03d.mkv

Path, name and extension of the output file.
In order to have an incrementing number in each segment filename, FFmpeg supports printf-style syntax for a counter.

In this example, '%03d' means: 3-digits, zero-padded
Examples:

• %03d: 000, 001, 002, ... 999
• %05d: 00000, 00001, 00002, ... 99999
• %d: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... 23, 24, etc.

Trim a video without re-encoding

ffmpeg -i input_file -ss 00:02:00 -to 00:55:00 -c copy -map 0 output_file

This command allows you to create an excerpt from a file without re-encoding the audiovisual data.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-ss 00:02:00

sets in point at 00:02:00

-to 00:55:00

sets out point at 00:55:00

-c copy

use stream copy mode (no re-encoding)

-map 0

tells FFmpeg to map all streams of the input to the output.
Note: watch out when using -ss with -c copy if the source is encoded with an interframe codec (e.g., H.264). Since FFmpeg must split on i-frames, it will seek to the nearest i-frame to begin the stream copy.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Variation: trim file by setting duration, by using -t instead of -to

ffmpeg -i input_file -ss 00:05:00 -t 10 -c copy output_file

-ss 00:05:00 -t 10

Beginning five minutes into the original video, this command will create a 10-second-long excerpt.

Note: In order to keep the original timestamps, without trying to sanitize them, you may add the -copyts option.

Excerpt from beginning

ffmpeg -i input_file -t 5 -c copy -map 0 output_file

This command captures a certain portion of a file, starting from the beginning and continuing for the amount of time (in seconds) specified in the script. This can be used to create a preview file, or to remove unwanted content from the end of the file. To be more specific, use timecode, such as 00:00:05.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-t 5

tells FFmpeg to stop copying from the input file after a certain time, and specifies the number of seconds after which to stop copying. In this case, 5 seconds is specified.

-c copy

use stream copy mode to re-mux instead of re-encode

-map 0

tells FFmpeg to map all streams of the input to the output.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Excerpt to end

ffmpeg -i input_file -ss 5 -c copy -map 0 output_file

This command copies a file starting from a specified time, removing the first few seconds from the output. This can be used to create an excerpt, or remove unwanted content from the beginning of a file.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-ss 5

tells FFmpeg what timecode in the file to look for to start copying, and specifies the number of seconds into the video that FFmpeg should start copying. To be more specific, you can use timecode such as 00:00:05.

-c copy

use stream copy mode to re-mux instead of re-encode

-map 0

tells FFmpeg to map all streams of the input to the output.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Excerpt from end

ffmpeg -sseof -5 -i input_file -c copy -map 0 output_file

This command copies a file starting from a specified time before the end of the file, removing everything before from the output. This can be used to create an excerpt, or extract content from the end of a file (e.g. for extracting the closing credits).

ffmpeg

starts the command

-sseof -5

This parameter must stay before the input file. It tells FFmpeg what timecode in the file to look for to start copying, and specifies the number of seconds from the end of the video that FFmpeg should start copying. The end of the file has index 0 and the minus sign is needed to reference earlier portions. To be more specific, you can use timecode such as -00:00:05. Note that in most file formats it is not possible to seek exactly, so FFmpeg will seek to the closest point before.

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-c copy

use stream copy mode to re-mux instead of re-encode

-map 0

tells FFmpeg to map all streams of the input to the output.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Remove silent portion at the beginning of an audio file

ffmpeg -i input_file -af silenceremove=start_threshold=-57dB:start_duration=1:start_periods=1 -c:a your_codec_choice -ar your_sample_rate_choice output_file

This command will automatically remove silence at the beginning of an audio file. The threshold for what qualifies as silence can be changed - this example uses anything under -57 dB, which is a decent level for accounting for analogue hiss.

Note: Since this command uses a filter, the audio stream will be re-encoded for the output. If you do not specify a sample rate or codec, this command will use the sample rate from your input and the codec defaults for your output format. Take care that you are getting your intended results!

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file (e.g. input_file.wav)

-af silenceremove

applies the silence remove filter

start_threshold=-57dB

tells the filter the threshold for what to call 'silence' for the purpose of removal. This can be increased or decreased as necessary.

start_duration=1

This tells the filter how much non-silent audio must be detected before it stops trimming. With a value of 0 the filter would stop after detecting any non-silent audio. A setting of 1 allows it to continue trimming through short 'pops' such as those caused by engaging the playback device, or the recorded sound of a microphone being plugged in.

start_periods=1

This tells the filter to trim the first example of silence it discovers from the beginning of the file. This value could be increased to remove subsequent silent portions from the file if desired.

-c:a your_codec_choice

This tells the filter what codec to use, and must be specified to avoid defaults. If you want 24 bit PCM, your value would be -c:a pcm_s24le.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file (e.g. output_file.wav).

Remove silent portion from the end of an audio file

ffmpeg -i input_file -af areverse,silenceremove=start_threshold=-57dB:start_duration=1:start_periods=1,areverse -c:a your_codec_choice -ar your_sample_rate_choice output_file

This command will automatically remove silence at the end of an audio file. Since the silenceremove filter is best at removing silence from the beginning of files, this command used the areverse filter twice to reverse the input, remove silence and then restore correct orientation.

Note: Since this command uses a filter, the audio stream will be re-encoded for the output. If you do not specify a sample rate or codec, this command will use the sample rate from your input and the codec defaults for your output format. Take care that you are getting your intended results!

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file (e.g. input_file.wav)

-af areverse,

starts the filter chain with reversing the input

silenceremove

applies the silence remove filter

start_threshold=-57dB

tells the filter the threshold for what to call 'silence' for the purpose of removal. This can be increased or decreased as necessary.

start_duration=1

This tells the filter how much non-silent audio must be detected before it stops trimming. With a value of 0 the filter would stop after detecting any non-silent audio. A setting of 1 allows it to continue trimming through short 'pops' such as those caused by engaging the playback device, or the recorded sound of a microphone being plugged in.

start_periods=1

This tells the filter to trim the first example of silence it discovers.

areverse

applies the audio reverse filter again to restore input to correct orientation.

-c:a your_codec_choice

This tells the filter what codec to use, and must be specified to avoid defaults. If you want 24 bit PCM, your value would be -c:a pcm_s24le.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file (e.g. output_file.wav).

Upscaled, Pillar-boxed HD H.264 Access Files from SD NTSC source

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v libx264 -filter:v "yadif, scale=1440:1080:flags=lanczos, pad=1920:1080:(ow-iw)/2:(oh-ih)/2, format=yuv420p" output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-c:v libx264

encodes video stream with libx264 (h264)

-filter:v

a video filter will be used

"

quotation mark to start filtergraph

yadif

deinterlacing filter (‘yet another deinterlacing filter’)
By default, yadif will output one frame for each frame. Outputting one frame for each field (thereby doubling the frame rate) with yadif=1 may produce visually better results.

scale=1440:1080:flags=lanczos

resizes the image to 1440x1080, using the Lanczos scaling algorithm, which is slower but better than the default bilinear algorithm.

pad=1920:1080:(ow-iw)/2:(oh-ih)/2

pads the area around the 4:3 input video to create a 16:9 output video

format=yuv420p

specifies a pixel format of Y′C_BC_R 4:2:0

"

quotation mark to end filtergraph

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Note: the very same scaling filter also downscales a bigger image size into HD.

Deinterlace a video

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v libx264 -vf "yadif,format=yuv420p" output_file

This command takes an interlaced input file and outputs a deinterlaced H.264 MP4.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input file

path, name and extension of the input file

-c:v libx264

tells FFmpeg to encode the video stream as H.264

-vf

video filtering will be used (-vf is an alias of -filter:v)

"

start of filtergraph (see below)

yadif

deinterlacing filter (‘yet another deinterlacing filter’)
By default, yadif will output one frame for each frame. Outputting one frame for each field (thereby doubling the frame rate) with yadif=1 may produce visually better results.

,

separates filters

format=yuv420p

chroma subsampling set to 4:2:0
By default, libx264 will use a chroma subsampling scheme that is the closest match to that of the input. This can result in Y′C_BC_R 4:2:0, 4:2:2, or 4:4:4 chroma subsampling. QuickTime and most other non-FFmpeg based players can’t decode H.264 files that are not 4:2:0, therefore it’s advisable to specify 4:2:0 chroma subsampling.

"

end of filtergraph

output file

path, name and extension of the output file

"yadif,format=yuv420p" is an FFmpeg filtergraph. Here the filtergraph is made up of one filter chain, which is itself made up of the two filters (separated by the comma).
The enclosing quote marks are necessary when you use spaces within the filtergraph, e.g. -vf "yadif, format=yuv420p", and are included above as an example of good practice.

Note: FFmpeg includes several deinterlacers apart from yadif: bwdif, w3fdif, kerndeint, and nnedi.

For more H.264 encoding options, see the latter section of the encode H.264 command.

Example

Before and after deinterlacing:

Deinterlace video fields to frames

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v libx264 -vf "idet,bwdif,format=yuv420p" output_file

This command takes an interlaced input file and outputs a deinterlaced H.264 MP4, with each field separated into its own frame. This is preferred for interlaced video that contains a lot of motion, as the double-rate output preserves the visual cadence of the source material.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input file

path, name and extension of the input file

-c:v libx264

tells FFmpeg to encode the video stream as H.264

-vf

video filtering will be used (-vf is an alias of -filter:v)

"

start of filtergraph (see below)

idet

detect interlaced video field order
idet will try to detect if the video is interlaced, and if so, what the order of the fields are (top-field-first, or bottom-field-first). This is done to ensure the output of the deinterlacing filter is correct.

bwdif

deinterlacing filter (‘Bob Weaver Deinterlacing Filter’)
By default, bwdif will output one frame for each field, matching the visual cadence of interlaced video.

,

separates filters

format=yuv420p

chroma subsampling set to 4:2:0
By default, libx264 will use a chroma subsampling scheme that is the closest match to that of the input. This can result in Y′C_BC_R 4:2:0, 4:2:2, or 4:4:4 chroma subsampling. QuickTime and most other non-FFmpeg based players can’t decode H.264 files that are not 4:2:0, therefore it’s advisable to specify 4:2:0 chroma subsampling.

"

end of filtergraph

output file

path, name and extension of the output file

"idet,bwdif,format=yuv420p" is an FFmpeg filtergraph. Here the filtergraph is made up of one filter chain, which is itself made up of the three filters (separated by the comma).
The enclosing quote marks are necessary when you use spaces within the filtergraph, e.g. -vf "idet, bwdif, format=yuv420p", and are included above as an example of good practice.

Note: bwdif also supports the older method of outputting one frame for each frame (thereby halving the number of output frames per second) with the syntax bwdif=mode=send_frame. This can be used when the presentation device is not capable of reproducing 50 (PAL) or 60 (NTSC) frames per second.

For more H.264 encoding options, see the latter section of the encode H.264 command.

Example

Before and after deinterlacing with bwdif:

Inverse telecine a video file

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v libx264 -vf "fieldmatch,yadif,decimate" output_file

The inverse telecine procedure reverses the 3:2 pull down process, restoring 29.97fps interlaced video to the 24fps frame rate of the original film source.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input file

path, name and extension of the input file

-c:v libx264

encode video as H.264

-vf "fieldmatch,yadif,decimate"

applies these three video filters to the input video.
Fieldmatch is a field matching filter for inverse telecine - it reconstructs the progressive frames from a telecined stream.
Yadif (‘yet another deinterlacing filter’) deinterlaces the video. (Note that FFmpeg also includes several other deinterlacers).
Decimate deletes duplicated frames.

output file

path, name and extension of the output file

"fieldmatch,yadif,decimate" is an FFmpeg filtergraph. Here the filtergraph is made up of one filter chain, which is itself made up of the three filters (separated by commas).
The enclosing quote marks are necessary when you use spaces within the filtergraph, e.g. -vf "fieldmatch, yadif, decimate", and are included above as an example of good practice.

Note that if applying an inverse telecine procedure to a 29.97i file, the output framerate will actually be 23.976fps.

This command can also be used to restore other framerates.

Example

Before and after inverse telecine:

Change field order of an interlaced video

ffmpeg -i input_file -c:v video_codec -filter:v setfield=tff output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-filter:v setfield=tff

Sets the field order to top field first. Use setfield=bff for bottom field first.

-c:v video_codec

As a video filter is used, it is not possible to use -c copy. The video must be re-encoded with whatever video codec is chosen, e.g. ffv1, v210 or prores.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Check video file interlacement patterns

ffmpeg -i input file -filter:v idet -f null -

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-filter:v idet

This calls the idet (detect video interlacing type) filter.

-f null

Video is decoded with the null muxer. This allows video decoding without creating an output file.

-

FFmpeg syntax requires a specified output, and - is just a place holder. No file is actually created.

Create centered, transparent text watermark

E.g For creating access copies with your institutions name

ffmpeg -i input_file -vf drawtext="fontfile=font_path:fontsize=font_size:text=watermark_text:fontcolor=font_color:alpha=0.4:x=(w-text_w)/2:y=(h-text_h)/2" output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-vf drawtext=

This calls the drawtext filter with the following options:

fontfile=font_path

Set path to font. For example in macOS: fontfile=/Library/Fonts/AppleGothic.ttf

fontsize=font_size

Set font size. 35 is a good starting point for SD. Ideally this value is proportional to video size, for example use ffprobe to acquire video height and divide by 14.

text=watermark_text

Set the content of your watermark text. For example: text='FFMPROVISR EXAMPLE TEXT'

fontcolor=font_color

Set color of font. Can be a text string such as fontcolor=white or a hexadecimal value such as fontcolor=0xFFFFFF

alpha=0.4

Set transparency value.

x=(w-text_w)/2:y=(h-text_h)/2

Sets x and y coordinates for the watermark. These relative values will centre your watermark regardless of video dimensions.

Note: -vf is a shortcut for -filter:v.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file.

Overlay image watermark on video

ffmpeg -i input_video file -i input_image_file -filter_complex overlay=main_w-overlay_w-5:5 output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_video_file

path, name and extension of the input video file

-i input_image_file

path, name and extension of the image file

-filter_complex overlay=main_w-overlay_w-5:5

This calls the overlay filter and sets x and y coordinates for the position of the watermark on the video. Instead of hardcoding specific x and y coordinates, main_w-overlay_w-5:5 uses relative coordinates to place the watermark in the upper right hand corner, based on the width of your input files. Please see the FFmpeg documentation for more examples.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Create a burnt in timecode on your image

ffmpeg -i input_file -vf drawtext="fontfile=font_path:fontsize=font_size:timecode=starting_timecode:fontcolor=font_colour:box=1:boxcolor=box_colour:rate=timecode_rate:x=(w-text_w)/2:y=h/1.2" output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-vf drawtext=

This calls the drawtext filter with the following options:

"

quotation mark to start drawtext filter command

fontfile=font_path

Set path to font. For example in macOS: fontfile=/Library/Fonts/AppleGothic.ttf

fontsize=font_size

Set font size. 35 is a good starting point for SD. Ideally this value is proportional to video size, for example use ffprobe to acquire video height and divide by 14.

timecode=starting_timecode

Set the timecode to be displayed for the first frame. Timecode is to be represented as hh:mm:ss[:;.]ff. Colon escaping is determined by O.S, for example in Ubuntu timecode='09\\:50\\:01\\:23'. Ideally, this value would be generated from the file itself using ffprobe.

fontcolor=font_color

Set color of font. Can be a text string such as fontcolor=white or a hexadecimal value such as fontcolor=0xFFFFFF

box=1

Enable box around timecode

boxcolor=box_color

Set color of box. Can be a text string such as fontcolor=black or a hexadecimal value such as fontcolor=0x000000

rate=timecode_rate

Framerate of video. For example 25/1

x=(w-text_w)/2:y=h/1.2

Sets x and y coordinates for the timecode. These relative values will horizontally centre your timecode in the bottom third regardless of video dimensions.

"

quotation mark to end drawtext filter command

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file.

Note: -vf is a shortcut for -filter:v.

Embed a subtitle file into a movie file

ffmpeg -i input_file -i subtitles_file -c copy -c:s mov_text output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-i subtitles_file

path to subtitles file, e.g. subtitles.srt

-c copy

enable stream copy (no re-encode)

-c:s mov_text

Encode subtitles using the mov_text codec. Note: The mov_text codec works for MP4 and MOV containers. For the MKV container, acceptable formats are ASS, SRT, and SSA.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Note: -c:s is a shortcut for -scodec

One thumbnail

ffmpeg -i input_file -ss 00:00:20 -vframes 1 thumb.png

This command will grab a thumbnail 20 seconds into the video.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-ss 00:00:20

seeks video file to 20 seconds into the video

-vframes 1

sets the number of frames (in this example, one frame)

output file

path, name and extension of the output file

Many thumbnails

ffmpeg -i input_file -vf fps=1/60 out%d.png

This will grab a thumbnail every minute and output sequential png files.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-ss 00:00:20

seeks video file to 20 seconds into the video

-vf fps=1/60

Creates a filtergraph to use for the streams. The rest of the command identifies filtering by frames per second, and sets the frames per second at 1/60 (which is one per minute). Omitting this will output all frames from the video.

output file

path, name and extension of the output file. In the example out%d.png where %d is a regular expression that adds a number (d is for digit) and increments with each frame (out1.png, out2.png, out3.png…). You may also chose a regular expression like out%04d.png which gives 4 digits with leading 0 (out0001.png, out0002.png, out0003.png, …).

Images to GIF

ffmpeg -f image2 -framerate 9 -pattern_type glob -i "input_image_*.jpg" -vf scale=250x250 output_file.gif

This will convert a series of image files into a GIF.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-f image2

forces input or output file format. image2 specifies the image file demuxer.

-framerate 9

sets framerate to 9 frames per second

-pattern_type glob

tells FFmpeg that the following mapping should "interpret like a glob" (a "global command" function that relies on the * as a wildcard and finds everything that matches)

-i "input_image_*.jpg"

maps all files in the directory that start with input_image_, for example input_image_001.jpg, input_image_002.jpg, input_image_003.jpg... etc.
(The quotation marks are necessary for the above “glob” pattern!)

-vf scale=250x250

filter the video to scale it to 250x250; -vf is an alias for -filter:v

output_file.gif

path and name of the output file

Create GIF

Create high quality GIF

ffmpeg -ss HH:MM:SS -i input_file -filter_complex "fps=10,scale=500:-1:flags=lanczos,palettegen" -t 3 palette.png

ffmpeg -ss HH:MM:SS -i input_file -i palette.png -filter_complex "[0:v]fps=10, scale=500:-1:flags=lanczos[v], [v][1:v]paletteuse" -t 3 -loop 6 output_file

The first command will use the palettegen filter to create a custom palette, then the second command will create the GIF with the paletteuse filter. The result is a high quality GIF.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-ss HH:MM:SS

starting point of the GIF. If a plain numerical value is used it will be interpreted as seconds

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-filter_complex "fps=framerate, scale=width:height, palettegen"

a complex filtergraph.
Firstly, the fps filter sets the frame rate.
Then the scale filter resizes the image. You can specify both the width and the height, or specify a value for one and use a scale value of -1 for the other to preserve the aspect ratio. (For example, 500:-1 would create a GIF 500 pixels wide and with a height proportional to the original video). In the first script above, :flags=lanczos specifies that the Lanczos rescaling algorithm will be used to resize the image.
Lastly, the palettegen filter generates the palette.

-t 3

duration in seconds (here 3; can be specified also with a full timestamp, i.e. here 00:00:03)

-loop 6

sets the number of times to loop the GIF. A value of -1 will disable looping. Omitting -loop will use the default, which will loop infinitely.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

The second command has a slightly different filtergraph, which breaks down as follows:

-filter_complex "[0:v]fps=10, scale=500:-1:flags=lanczos[v], [v][1:v]paletteuse"

[0:v]fps=10,scale=500:-1:flags=lanczos[v]: applies the fps and scale filters described above to the first input file (the video).
[v][1:v]paletteuse": applies the paletteuse filter, setting the second input file (the palette) as the reference file.

Simpler GIF creation

ffmpeg -ss HH:MM:SS -i input_file -vf "fps=10,scale=500:-1" -t 3 -loop 6 output_file

This is a quick and easy method. Dithering is more apparent than the above method using the palette filters, but the file size will be smaller. Perfect for that “legacy” GIF look.

Transcode an image sequence into uncompressed 10-bit video

ffmpeg -f image2 -framerate 24 -i input_file_%06d.ext -c:v v210 output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-f image2

forces the image file de-muxer for single image files

-framerate 24

Sets the input framerate to 24 fps. The image2 demuxer defaults to 25 fps.

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file
This must match the naming convention actually used! The regex %06d matches six digits long numbers, possibly with leading zeroes. This allows to read in ascending order, one image after the other, the full sequence inside one folder. For image sequences starting with 086400 (i.e. captured with a timecode starting at 01:00:00:00 and at 24 fps), add the flag -start_number 086400 before -i input_file_%06d.ext. The extension for TIFF files is .tif or maybe .tiff; the extension for DPX files is .dpx (or eventually .cin for old files).

-c:v v210

encodes an uncompressed 10-bit video stream

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Create a video from an image and audio file.

ffmpeg -r 1 -loop 1 -i image_file -i audio_file -acodec copy -shortest -vf scale=1280:720 output_file

This command will take an image file (e.g. image.jpg) and an audio file (e.g. audio.mp3) and combine them into a video file that contains the audio track with the image used as the video. It can be useful in a situation where you might want to upload an audio file to a platform like YouTube. You may want to adjust the scaling with -vf to suit your needs.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-r 1

set the framerate

-loop 1

loop the first input stream

-i image_file

path, name and extension of the image file

-i audio_file

path, name and extension of the audio file

-acodec copy

copy the audio. -acodec is an alias for -c:a

-shortest

finish encoding when the shortest input stream ends

-vf scale=1280:720

filter the video to scale it to 1280x720 for YouTube. -vf is an alias for -filter:v

output_file

path, name and extension of the video output file

Creates a visualization of the bits in an audio stream

ffplay -f lavfi "amovie=input_file, asplit=2[out1][a], [a]abitscope=colors=purple|yellow[out0]"

This filter allows visual analysis of the information held in various bit depths of an audio stream. This can aid with identifying when a file that is nominally of a higher bit depth actually has been 'padded' with null information. The provided GIF shows a 16 bit WAV file (left) and then the results of converting that same WAV to 32 bit (right). Note that in the 32 bit version, there is still only information in the first 16 bits.

ffplay -f lavfi

starts the command and tells ffplay that you will be using the lavfi virtual device to create the input

"

quotation mark to start the lavfi filtergraph

amovie=input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

asplit=2[out1][a]

splits the audio stream in two. One of these [a] will be passed to the filter, and the other [out1] will be the audible stream.

[a]abitscope=colors=purple|yellow[out0]

sends stream [a] into the abitscope filter, sets the colors for the channels to purple and yellow, and outputs the results to [out0]. This is what will be the visualization.

"

quotation mark to end the lavfi filtergraph

Comparison of mono 16 bit and mono 16 bit padded to 32 bit.

Plays a graphical output showing decibel levels of an input file

ffplay -f lavfi "amovie='input.mp3', astats=metadata=1:reset=1, adrawgraph=lavfi.astats.Overall.Peak_level:max=0:min=-30.0:size=700x256:bg=Black[out]"

ffplay

starts the command

-f lavfi

tells ffplay to use the Libavfilter input virtual device

"

quotation mark to start the lavfi filtergraph

movie='input.mp3'

declares audio source file on which to apply filter

,

comma signifies the end of audio source section and the beginning of the filter section

astats=metadata=1

tells the astats filter to ouput metadata that can be passed to another filter (in this case adrawgraph)

:

divides between options of the same filter

reset=1

tells the filter to calculate the stats on every frame (increasing this number would calculate stats for groups of frames)

,

comma divides one filter in the chain from another

adrawgraph=lavfi.astats.Overall.Peak_level:max=0:min=-30.0

draws a graph using the overall peak volume calculated by the astats filter. It sets the max for the graph to 0 (dB) and the minimum to -30 (dB). For more options on data points that can be graphed see the FFmpeg astats documentation

size=700x256:bg=Black

sets the background color and size of the output

[out]

ends the filterchain and sets the output

"

quotation mark to end the lavfi filtergraph

Example of filter output

Shows all pixels outside of broadcast range

ffplay -f lavfi "movie='input.mp4', signalstats=out=brng:color=cyan[out]"

ffplay

starts the command

-f lavfi

tells ffplay to use the Libavfilter input virtual device

"

quotation mark to start the lavfi filtergraph

movie='input.mp4'

declares video file source to apply filter

,

comma signifies closing of video source assertion and ready for filter assertion

signalstats=out=brng

tells ffplay to use the signalstats command, output the data, use the brng filter

:

indicates there’s another parameter coming

color=cyan[out]

sets the color of out-of-range pixels to cyan

"

quotation mark to end the lavfi filtergraph

Example of filter output

Plays vectorscope of video

ffplay input_file -vf "split=2[m][v], [v]vectorscope=b=0.7:m=color3:g=green[v], [m][v]overlay=x=W-w:y=H-h"

ffplay

starts the command

input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-vf

creates a filtergraph to use for the streams

"

quotation mark to start filtergraph

split=2[m][v]

Splits the input into two identical outputs and names them [m] and [v]

,

comma signifies there is another parameter coming

[v]vectorscope=b=0.7:m=color3:g=green[v]

asserts usage of the vectorscope filter and sets a light background opacity (b, alias for bgopacity), sets a background color style (m, alias for mode), and graticule color (g, alias for graticule)

,

comma signifies there is another parameter coming

[m][v]overlay=x=W-w:y=H-h

declares where the vectorscope will overlay on top of the video image as it plays

"

quotation mark to end filtergraph

This will play two input videos side by side while also applying the temporal difference filter to them

ffmpeg -i input01 -i input02 -filter_complex "[0:v:0]tblend=all_mode=difference128[a];[1:v:0]tblend=all_mode=difference128[b];[a][b]hstack[out]" -map [out] -f nut -c:v rawvideo - | ffplay -

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input01 -i input02

Designates the files to use for inputs one and two respectively

-filter_complex

Lets FFmpeg know we will be using a complex filter (this must be used for multiple inputs)

"

quotation mark to start filtergraph

[0:v:0]tblend=all_mode=difference128[a]

Applies the tblend filter (with the settings all_mode and difference128) to the first video stream from the first input and assigns the result to the output [a]

[1:v:0]tblend=all_mode=difference128[b]

Applies the tblend filter (with the settings all_mode and difference128) to the first video stream from the second input and assigns the result to the output [b]

[a][b]hstack[out]

Takes the outputs from the previous steps ([a] and [b] and uses the hstack (horizontal stack) filter on them to create the side by side output. This output is then named [out])

"

quotation mark to end filtergraph

-map [out]

Maps the output of the filter chain

-f nut

Sets the format for the output video stream to Nut

-c:v rawvideo

Sets the video codec of the output video stream to raw video

-

tells FFmpeg that the output will be piped to a new command (as opposed to a file)

|

Tells the system you will be piping the output of the previous command into a new command

ffplay -

Starts ffplay and tells it to use the pipe from the previous command as its input

Example of filter output

This filter enables vertical and horizontal stacking of multiple video sources into one output.

This filter is useful for the creation of output windows such as the one utilized in vrecord.

ffplay -f lavfi -i testsrc -vf "split=3[a][b][c],[a][b][c]xstack=inputs=3:layout=0_0|0_h0|0_h0+h1[out]"

The following example uses the 'testsrc' virtual input combined with the split filter to generate the multiple inputs.

ffplay

starts the command

-f lavfi -i testsrc

tells ffplay to use the Libavfilter's virtual device input 'testsrc'

-vf

tells ffmpeg that you will be applying a filter chain to the input

split=3[a][b][c],

splits the input into three separate signals within the filter graph, named a, b and c respectively. (These are variables and any names could be used as long as they are kept consistent in following steps). The , separates this from the next part of the filter chain.

[a][b][c]xstack=inputs=3:

tells ffmpeg that you will be using the xstack filter on the three named inputs a,b and c. The final : is a necessary divider between the number of inputs, and the orientation of outputs portion of the xstack command.

layout=0_0|0_h0|0_h0+h1

This is where the locations of the video sources in the output stack are designated. The locations are specified in order of input (so in this example 0_0 corresponds to input [a]. Inputs must be separated with a |. The two numbers represent columns and rows, with counting starting at zero rather than one. In this example, 0_0 means that input [a] is placed at the first row of the first column in the output. 0_h0 places the next input in the first column, at a row corresponding with the height of the first input. 0_h0+h1 places the final input in the first column, at a row corresponding with the height of the first input plus the height of the second input. This has the effect of creating a vertical stack of the three inputs. This could be made a horizontal stack by changing this portion of the command to layout=0_0|w0_0|w0+w1_0.

[out]

this ends the filter chain and designates the final output.

Pull specs from video file

ffprobe -i input_file -show_format -show_streams -show_data -print_format xml

This command extracts technical metadata from a video file and displays it in xml.

ffprobe

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-show_format

outputs file container informations

-show_streams

outputs audio and video codec informations

-show_data

adds a short “hexdump” to show_streams command output

-print_format

Set the output printing format (in this example “xml”; other formats include “json” and “flat”)

See also the FFmpeg documentation on ffprobe for a full list of flags, commands, and options.

Strips metadata from video file

ffmpeg -i input_file -map_metadata -1 -c:v copy -c:a copy output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-map_metadata -1

sets metadata copying to -1, which copies nothing

-c:v copy

copies video track

-c:a copy

copies audio track

output_file

Makes copy of original file and names output file

Note: -c:v and -c:a are shortcuts for -vcodec and -acodec.

Create Bash script to batch process with FFmpeg

Bash scripts are plain text files saved with a .sh extension. This entry explains how they work with the example of a bash script named “Rewrap-MXF.sh”, which rewraps .mxf files in a given directory to .mov files.

“Rewrap-MXF.sh” contains the following text:

for file in *.mxf; do ffmpeg -i "$file" -map 0 -c copy "${file%.mxf}.mov"; done

for file in *.mxf

starts the loop, and states what the input files will be. Here, the FFmpeg command within the loop will be applied to all files with an extension of .mxf.
The word ‘file’ is an arbitrary variable which will represent each .mxf file in turn as it is looped over.

do ffmpeg -i "$file"

carry out the following FFmpeg command for each input file.
Per Bash syntax, within the command the variable is referred to by “$file”. The dollar sign is used to reference the variable ‘file’, and the enclosing quotation marks prevents reinterpretation of any special characters that may occur within the filename, ensuring that the original filename is retained.

-map 0

retain all streams

-c copy

enable stream copy (no re-encode)

"${file%.mxf}.mov";

retaining the original file name, set the output file wrapper as .mov

done

complete; all items have been processed.

Note: the shell script (.sh file) and all .mxf files to be processed must be contained within the same directory, and the script must be run from that directory.
Execute the .sh file with the command sh Rewrap-MXF.sh.

Modify the script as needed to perform different transcodes, or to use with ffprobe. :)

The basic pattern will look similar to this:
for item in *.ext; do ffmpeg -i $item (FFmpeg options here) "${item%.ext}_suffix.ext"

e.g., if an input file is bestmovie002.avi, its output will be bestmovie002_suffix.avi.

Variation: recursively process all MXF files in subdirectories using find instead of for:

find input_directory -iname "*.mxf" -exec ffmpeg -i {} -map 0 -c copy {}.mov \;

Create PowerShell script to batch process with FFmpeg

As of Windows 10, it is possible to run Bash via Bash on Ubuntu on Windows, allowing you to use bash scripting. To enable Bash on Windows, see these instructions.

On Windows, the primary native command line program is PowerShell. PowerShell scripts are plain text files saved with a .ps1 extension. This entry explains how they work with the example of a PowerShell script named “rewrap-mp4.ps1”, which rewraps .mp4 files in a given directory to .mkv files.

“rewrap-mp4.ps1” contains the following text:

$inputfiles = ls *.mp4
  foreach ($file in $inputfiles) {
  $output = [io.path]::ChangeExtension($file, '.mkv')
  ffmpeg -i $file -map 0 -c copy $output
  }

$inputfiles = ls *.mp4

Creates the variable $inputfiles, which is a list of all the .mp4 files in the current folder.
In PowerShell, all variable names start with the dollar-sign character.

foreach ($file in $inputfiles)

Creates a loop and states the subsequent code block will be applied to each file listed in $inputfiles.
$file is an arbitrary variable which will represent each .mp4 file in turn as it is looped over.

{

Opens the code block.

$output = [io.path]::ChangeExtension($file, '.mkv')

Sets up the output file: it will be located in the current folder and keep the same filename, but will have an .mkv extension instead of .mp4.

ffmpeg -i $file

Carry out the following FFmpeg command for each input file.
Note: To call FFmpeg here as just ‘ffmpeg’ (rather than entering the full path to ffmpeg.exe), you must make sure that it’s correctly configured. See this article, especially the section ‘Add to Path’.

-map 0

retain all streams

-c copy

enable stream copy (no re-encode)

$output

The output file is set to the value of the $output variable declared above: i.e., the current file name with an .mkv extension.

}

Closes the code block.

Note: the PowerShell script (.ps1 file) and all .mp4 files to be rewrapped must be contained within the same directory, and the script must be run from that directory.

Execute the .ps1 file by typing .\rewrap-mp4.ps1 in PowerShell.

Modify the script as needed to perform different transcodes, or to use with ffprobe. :)

Check decoder errors

ffmpeg -i input_file -f null -

This decodes your video and prints any errors or found issues to the screen.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-f null

Video is decoded with the null muxer. This allows video decoding without creating an output file.

-

FFmpeg syntax requires a specified output, and - is just a place holder. No file is actually created.

Check FFV1 Version 3 fixity

ffmpeg -report -i input_file -f null -

This decodes your video and displays any CRC checksum mismatches. These errors will display in your terminal like this: [ffv1 @ 0x1b04660] CRC mismatch 350FBD8A!at 0.272000 seconds

Frame CRCs are enabled by default in FFV1 Version 3.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-report

Dump full command line and console output to a file named ffmpeg-YYYYMMDD-HHMMSS.log in the current directory. It also implies -loglevel verbose.

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-f null

Video is decoded with the null muxer. This allows video decoding without creating an output file.

-

FFmpeg syntax requires a specified output, and - is just a place holder. No file is actually created.

Create MD5 checksums (video frames)

ffmpeg -i input_file -f framemd5 -an output_file

This will create an MD5 checksum per video frame.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-f framemd5

library used to calculate the MD5 checksums

-an

ignores the audio stream (audio no)

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

You may verify an MD5 checksum file created this way by using a Bash script.

Create MD5 checksums (audio samples)

ffmpeg -i input_file -af "asetnsamples=n=48000" -f framemd5 -vn output_file

This will create an MD5 checksum for each group of 48000 audio samples.
The number of samples per group can be set arbitrarily, but it's good practice to match the samplerate of the media file (so you will get one checksum per second).

Examples for other samplerates:

• 44.1 kHz: "asetnsamples=n=44100"
• 96 kHz: "asetnsamples=n=96000"

Note: This filter transcodes audio to 16 bit PCM by default. The generated framemd5s will represent this value. Validating these framemd5s will require using the same default settings. Alternatively, when your file has another quantization rates (e.g. 24 bit), then you might add the audio codec -c:a pcm_s24le to the command, for compatibility reasons with other tools, like BWF MetaEdit.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-af "asetnsamples=n=48000"

the audio filter sets the sampling rate

-f framemd5

library used to calculate the MD5 checksums

-vn

ignores the video stream (video no)

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

You may verify an MD5 checksum file created this way by using a Bash script.

Create stream MD5s

ffmpeg -i input_file -map 0:v:0 -c:v copy -f md5 output_file_1 -map 0:a:0 -c:a copy -f md5 output_file_2

This will create MD5 checksums for the first video and the first audio stream in a file. If only one of these is necessary (for example if used on a WAV file) either part of the command can be excluded to create the desired MD5 only. Use of this kind of checksum enables integrity of the A/V information to be verified independently of any changes to surrounding metadata.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-map 0:v:0

selects the first video stream from the input

-c:v copy

ensures that FFmpeg will not transcode the video to a different codec before generating the MD5

output_file_1

is the output file for the video stream MD5. Example file extensions are .md5 and .txt

-map 0:a:0

selects the first audio stream from the input

-c:a copy

ensures that FFmpeg will not transcode the audio to a different codec before generating the MD5 (by default FFmpeg will use 16 bit PCM for audio MD5s).

output_file_2

is the output file for the audio stream MD5.

Note: The MD5s generated by running this command on WAV files are compatible with those embedded by the BWF MetaEdit tool and can be compared.

Get checksum for video/audio stream

ffmpeg -loglevel error -i input_file -map 0:v:0 -f hash -hash md5 -

This script will perform a fixity check on a specified audio or video stream of the file, useful for checking that the content within a video has not changed even if the container format has changed.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-loglevel error

sets the verbosity of logging to show all errors

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-map 0:v:0

designated the first video stream as the stream on which to perform this hash generation operation. -map 0 can be used to run the operation on all streams.

-f hash -hash md5

produce a checksum hash, and set the hash algorithm to md5. See the official documentation on hash for other algorithms.

-

FFmpeg syntax requires a specified output, and - is just a place holder. No file is actually created.

Get individual checksums for all video/audio streams ("Streamhash")

ffmpeg -i input_file -map 0 -f streamhash -hash md5 - -v quiet

The outcome is very similar to that of "-f hash", except you get one hash per-stream, instead of one (summary) hash. Another benefit is that you don't have to know which streams, or how many to expect in the source file. This is very handy for hashing mixed born-digital material.

This script will perform a fixity check on all audio and video streams in the file and return one hashcode for each one. This is useful for e.g. being able to change to container/codec format later on and validate it matches the original source.

The output is formatted for easily processing it further in any kind of programming/scripting language.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-map 0

map ALL streams from input file to output. If you omit this, ffmpeg chooses only the first "best" (*) stream: 1 for audio, 1 for video (not all streams).

-f streamhash -hash md5

produce a checksum hash per-stream, and set the hash algorithm to md5. See the official documentation on streamhash for other algorithms and more details.

-

FFmpeg syntax requires a specified output, and - is just a place holder. No file is actually created. Choose an output filename to write the hashcode lines into a textfile.

-v quiet

(Optional) Disables FFmpeg's processing output. With this option it's easier to see the text output of the hashes.

The output looks like this, for example (1 video, 2 audio streams): 0,v,MD5=89bed8031048d985b48550b6b4cb171c
0,a,MD5=36daadb543b63610f63f9dcff11680fb
1,a,MD5=f21269116a847f887710cfc67ecc3e6e

Creates a QCTools report

ffprobe -f lavfi -i "movie=input_file:s=v+a[in0][in1], [in0]signalstats=stat=tout+vrep+brng, cropdetect=reset=1:round=1, idet=half_life=1, split[a][b];[a]field=top[a1];[b]field=bottom, split[b1][b2];[a1][b1]psnr[c1];[c1][b2]ssim[out0];[in1]ebur128=metadata=1, astats=metadata=1:reset=1:length=0.4[out1]" -show_frames -show_versions -of xml=x=1:q=1 -noprivate | gzip > input_file.qctools.xml.gz

This will create an XML report for use in QCTools for a video file with one video track and one audio track. See also the QCTools documentation.

ffprobe

starts the command

-f lavfi

tells ffprobe to use the Libavfilter input virtual device

-i

input file and parameters

"movie=input_file:s=v+a[in0][in1], [in0]signalstats=stat=tout+vrep+brng, cropdetect=reset=1:round=1, idet=half_life=1, split[a][b];[a]field=top[a1];[b]field=bottom, split[b1][b2];[a1][b1]psnr[c1];[c1][b2]ssim[out0];[in1]ebur128=metadata=1, astats=metadata=1:reset=1:length=0.4[out1]"

This very large lump of commands declares the input file and passes in a request for all potential data signal information for a file with one video and one audio track

-show_frames

asks for information about each frame and subtitle contained in the input multimedia stream

-show_versions

asks for information related to program and library versions

-of xml=x=1:q=1

sets the data export format to XML

-noprivate

hides any private data that might exist in the file

| gzip

The | is to "pipe" (or push) the data into a compressed file format

>

redirects the standard output (the data made by ffprobe about the video)

input_file.qctools.xml.gz

names the zipped data output file, which can be named anything but needs the extension qctools.xml.gz for compatibility issues

Creates a QCTools report

ffprobe -f lavfi -i "movie=input_file,signalstats=stat=tout+vrep+brng, cropdetect=reset=1:round=1, idet=half_life=1, split[a][b];[a]field=top[a1];[b]field=bottom,split[b1][b2];[a1][b1]psnr[c1];[c1][b2]ssim" -show_frames -show_versions -of xml=x=1:q=1 -noprivate | gzip > input_file.qctools.xml.gz

This will create an XML report for use in QCTools for a video file with one video track and NO audio track. See also the QCTools documentation.

ffprobe

starts the command

-f lavfi

tells ffprobe to use the Libavfilter input virtual device

-i

input file and parameters

"movie=input_file,signalstats=stat=tout+vrep+brng, cropdetect=reset=1:round=1, idet=half_life=1, split[a][b];[a]field=top[a1];[b]field=bottom,split[b1][b2];[a1][b1]psnr[c1];[c1][b2]ssim"

This very large lump of commands declares the input file and passes in a request for all potential data signal information for a file with one video and one audio track

-show_frames

asks for information about each frame and subtitle contained in the input multimedia stream

-show_versions

asks for information related to program and library versions

-of xml=x=1:q=1

sets the data export format to XML

-noprivate

hides any private data that might exist in the file

| gzip

The | is to "pipe" (or push) the data into a compressed file format

>

redirects the standard output (the data made by ffprobe about the video)

input_file.qctools.xml.gz

names the zipped data output file, which can be named anything but needs the extension qctools.xml.gz for compatibility issues

Read/Extract EIA-608 (Line 21) closed captioning

ffprobe -f lavfi -i movie=input_file,readeia608 -show_entries frame=pkt_pts_time:frame_tags=lavfi.readeia608.0.line,lavfi.readeia608.0.cc,lavfi.readeia608.1.line,lavfi.readeia608.1.cc -of csv > input_file.csv

This command uses FFmpeg's readeia608 filter to extract the hexadecimal values hidden within EIA-608 (Line 21) Closed Captioning, outputting a csv file. For more information about EIA-608, check out Adobe's Introduction to Closed Captions.

If hex isn't your thing, closed captioning character and code sets can be found in the documentation for SCTools.

ffprobe

starts the command

-f lavfi

tells ffprobe to use the libavfilter input virtual device

-i input_file

input file and parameters

readeia608 -show_entries frame=pkt_pts_time:frame_tags=lavfi.readeia608.0.line,lavfi.readeia608.0.cc,lavfi.readeia608.1.line,lavfi.readeia608.1.cc -of csv

specifies the first two lines of video in which EIA-608 data (hexadecimal byte pairs) are identifiable by ffprobe, outputting comma separated values (CSV)

>

redirects the standard output (the data created by ffprobe about the video)

output_file.csv

names the CSV output file

Example

Side-by-side video with true EIA-608 captions on the left, zoomed in view of the captions on the right (with hex values represented). To achieve something similar with your own captioned video, try out the EIA608/VITC viewer in QCTools.

Makes a mandelbrot test pattern video

ffmpeg -f lavfi -i mandelbrot=size=1280x720:rate=25 -c:v libx264 -t 10 output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-f lavfi

tells FFmpeg to use the Libavfilter input virtual device

-i mandelbrot=size=1280x720:rate=25

asks for the mandelbrot test filter as input. Adjusting the size and rate options allows you to choose a specific frame size and framerate.

-c:v libx264

transcodes video from rawvideo to H.264. Set -pix_fmt to yuv420p for greater H.264 compatibility with media players.

-t 10

specifies recording time of 10 seconds

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file. Try different file extensions such as mkv, mov, mp4, or avi.

Makes a SMPTE bars test pattern video

ffmpeg -f lavfi -i smptebars=size=720x576:rate=25 -c:v prores -t 10 output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-f lavfi

tells FFmpeg to use the Libavfilter input virtual device

-i smptebars=size=720x576:rate=25

asks for the smptebars test filter as input. Adjusting the size and rate options allows you to choose a specific frame size and framerate.

-c:v prores

transcodes video from rawvideo to Apple ProRes 4:2:2.

-t 10

specifies recording time of 10 seconds

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file. Try different file extensions such as mov or avi.

Make a test pattern video

ffmpeg -f lavfi -i testsrc=size=720x576:rate=25 -c:v v210 -t 10 output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-f lavfi

tells FFmpeg to use the libavfilter input virtual device

-i testsrc=size=720x576:rate=25

asks for the testsrc filter pattern as input. Adjusting the size and rate options allows you to choose a specific frame size and framerate.
The different test patterns that can be generated are listed here.

-c:v v210

transcodes video from rawvideo to 10-bit Uncompressed Y′C_BC_R 4:2:2. Alter this setting to set your desired codec.

-t 10

specifies recording time of 10 seconds

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file. Try different file extensions such as mkv, mov, mp4, or avi.

Play HD SMPTE bars

Test an HD video projector by playing the SMPTE color bars pattern.

ffplay -f lavfi -i smptehdbars=size=1920x1080

ffplay

starts the command

-f lavfi

tells ffplay to use the Libavfilter input virtual device

-i smptehdbars=size=1920x1080

asks for the smptehdbars filter pattern as input and sets the HD resolution. This generates a color bars pattern, based on the SMPTE RP 219–2002.

Play VGA SMPTE bars

Test a VGA (SD) video projector by playing the SMPTE color bars pattern.

ffplay -f lavfi -i smptebars=size=640x480

ffplay

starts the command

-f lavfi

tells ffplay to use the Libavfilter input virtual device

-i smptebars=size=640x480

asks for the smptebars filter pattern as input and sets the VGA (SD) resolution. This generates a color bars pattern, based on the SMPTE Engineering Guideline EG 1–1990.

Sine wave

Generate a test audio file playing a sine wave.

ffmpeg -f lavfi -i "sine=frequency=1000:sample_rate=48000:duration=5" -c:a pcm_s16le output_file.wav

ffmpeg

starts the command

-f lavfi

tells FFmpeg to use the Libavfilter input virtual device

-i "sine=frequency=1000:sample_rate=48000:duration=5"

Sets the signal to 1000 Hz, sampling at 48 kHz, and for 5 seconds

-c:a pcm_s16le

encodes the audio codec in pcm_s16le (the default encoding for wav files). pcm represents pulse-code modulation format (raw bytes), 16 means 16 bits per sample, and le means "little endian"

output_file.wav

path, name and extension of the output file

SMPTE bars + Sine wave audio

Generate a SMPTE bars test video + a 1kHz sine wave as audio testsignal.

ffmpeg -f lavfi -i "smptebars=size=720x576:rate=25" -f lavfi -i "sine=frequency=1000:sample_rate=48000" -c:a pcm_s16le -t 10 -c:v ffv1 output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-f lavfi

tells FFmpeg to use the libavfilter input virtual device

-i smptebars=size=720x576:rate=25

asks for the smptebars test filter as input. Adjusting the size and rate options allows you to choose a specific frame size and framerate.

-f lavfi

use libavfilter again, but now for audio

-i "sine=frequency=1000:sample_rate=48000"

Sets the signal to 1000 Hz, sampling at 48 kHz.

-c:a pcm_s16le

encodes the audio codec in pcm_s16le (the default encoding for wav files). pcm represents pulse-code modulation format (raw bytes), 16 means 16 bits per sample, and le means "little endian"

-t 10

specifies recording time of 10 seconds

-c:v ffv1

Encodes to FFV1. Alter this setting to set your desired codec.

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Makes a broken test file

Modifies an existing, functioning file and intentionally breaks it for testing purposes.

ffmpeg -i input_file -bsf noise=1 -c copy output_file

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

takes in a normal file

-bsf noise=1

sets bitstream filters for all to 'noise'. Filters can be set on specific filters using syntax such as -bsf:v for video, -bsf:a for audio, etc. The noise filter intentionally damages the contents of packets without damaging the container. This sets the noise level to 1 but it could be left blank or any number above 0.

-c copy

use stream copy mode to re-mux instead of re-encode

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Conway's Game of Life

Simulates Conway's Game of Life

ffplay -f lavfi life=s=300x200:mold=10:r=60:ratio=0.1:death_color=#c83232:life_color=#00ff00,scale=1200:800

ffplay

starts the command

-f lavfi

tells ffplay to use the Libavfilter input virtual device

life=s=300x200

use the life filter and set the size of the video to 300x200

:

indicates there’s another parameter coming

mold=10:r=60:ratio=0.1

sets up the rules of the game: cell mold speed, video rate, and random fill ratio

:

indicates there’s another parameter coming

death_color=#c83232:life_color=#00ff00

specifies color for cell death and cell life; mold_color can also be set

,

comma signifies closing of video source assertion and ready for filter assertion

scale=1200:800

scale to 1280 width and 800 height

To save a portion of the stream instead of playing it back infinitely, use the following command:

ffmpeg -f lavfi -i life=s=300x200:mold=10:r=60:ratio=0.1:death_color=#c83232:life_color=#00ff00,scale=1200:800 -t 5 output_file

Plays video with OCR on top

ffplay input_file -vf "ocr,drawtext=fontfile=/Library/Fonts/Andale Mono.ttf:text=%{metadata\\\:lavfi.ocr.text}:fontcolor=white"

ffplay

starts the command

input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-vf

creates a filtergraph to use for the streams

"

quotation mark to start filtergraph

ocr,

tells ffplay to use ocr as source and the comma signifies that the script is ready for filter assertion

drawtext=fontfile=/Library/Fonts/Andale Mono.ttf

tells ffplay to drawtext and use a specific font (Andale Mono) when doing so

:

indicates there’s another parameter coming

text=%{metadata\\\:lavfi.ocr.text}

tells ffplay what text to use when playing. In this case, calls for metadata that lives in the lavfi.ocr.text library

:

indicates there’s another parameter coming

fontcolor=white

specifies font color as white

"

quotation mark to end filtergraph

Exports OCR data to screen

ffprobe -show_entries frame_tags=lavfi.ocr.text -f lavfi -i "movie=input_file,ocr"

ffprobe

starts the command

-show_entries

sets a list of entries to show

frame_tags=lavfi.ocr.text

shows the lavfi.ocr.text tag in the frame section of the video

-f lavfi

tells ffprobe to use the Libavfilter input virtual device

-i "movie=input_file,ocr"

declares 'movie' as input_file and passes in the 'ocr' command

Compare two video files for content similarity using perceptual hashing

ffmpeg -i input_one -i input_two -filter_complex signature=detectmode=full:nb_inputs=2 -f null -

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_one -i input_two

assigns the input files

-filter_complex

enables using more than one input file to the filter

signature=detectmode=full

Applies the signature filter to the inputs in 'full' mode. The other option is 'fast'.

nb_inputs=2

tells the filter to expect two input files

-f null -

Sets the output of FFmpeg to a null stream (since we are not creating a transcoded file, just viewing metadata).

Generate a perceptual hash for an input video file

ffmpeg -i input -vf signature=format=xml:filename="output.xml" -an -f null -

ffmpeg -i input

starts the command using your input file

-vf signature=format=xml

applies the signature filter to the input file and sets the output format for the fingerprint to xml

filename="output.xml"

sets the output for the signature filter

-an

tells FFmpeg to ignore the audio stream of the input file

-f null -

Sets the FFmpeg output to a null stream (since we are only interested in the output generated by the filter).

Play an image sequence

Play an image sequence directly as moving images, without having to create a video first.

ffplay -framerate 5 input_file_%06d.ext

ffplay

starts the command

-framerate 5

plays image sequence at rate of 5 images per second
Note: this low framerate will produce a slideshow effect.

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file
This must match the naming convention used! The regex %06d matches six-digit-long numbers, possibly with leading zeroes. This allows the full sequence to be read in ascending order, one image after the other.
The extension for TIFF files is .tif or maybe .tiff; the extension for DPX files is .dpx (or even .cin for old files). Screenshots are often in .png format.

Notes:

If -framerate is omitted, the playback speed depends on the images’ file sizes and on the computer’s processing power. It may be rather slow for large image files.

You can navigate durationally by clicking within the playback window. Clicking towards the left-hand side of the playback window takes you towards the beginning of the playback sequence; clicking towards the right takes you towards the end of the sequence.

Split audio and video tracks

ffmpeg -i input_file -map 0:v:0 video_output_file -map 0:a:0 audio_output_file

This command splits the original input file into a video and audio stream. The -map command identifies which streams are mapped to which file. To ensure that you’re mapping the right streams to the right file, run ffprobe before writing the script to identify which streams are desired.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-map 0:v:0

grabs the first video stream and maps it into:

video_output_file

path, name and extension of the video output file

-map 0:a:0

grabs the first audio stream and maps it into:

audio_output_file

path, name and extension of the audio output file

Merge audio and video tracks

ffmpeg -i video_file -i audio_file -map 0:v -map 1:a -c copy output_file

This command takes a video file and an audio file as inputs, and creates an output file that combines the video stream in the first file with the audio stream in the second file.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i video_file

path, name and extension of the first input file (the video file)

-i audio_file

path, name and extension of the second input file (the audio file)

-map 0:v

selects the video streams from the first input file

-map 1:a

selects the audio streams from the second input file

-c copy

copies streams without re-encoding

output_file

path, name and extension of the output file

Note: in the example above, the video input file is given prior to the audio input file. However, input files can be added any order, as long as they are indexed correctly when stream mapping with -map. See the entry on stream mapping.

Variation:

Include the audio tracks from both input files with the following command:

ffmpeg -i video_file -i audio_file -map 0:v -map 0:a -map 1:a -c copy output_file

Create ISO files for DVD access

Create an ISO file that can be used to burn a DVD. Please note, you will have to install dvdauthor. To install dvd author using Homebrew run: brew install dvdauthor

ffmpeg -i input_file -aspect 4:3 -target ntsc-dvd output_file.mpg

This command will take any file and create an MPEG file that dvdauthor can use to create an ISO.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-aspect 4:3

declares the aspect ratio of the resulting video file. You can also use 16:9.

-target ntsc-dvd

specifies the region for your DVD. This could be also pal-dvd.

output_file.mpg

path and name of the output file. The extension must be .mpg

Exports CSV for scene detection using YDIF

ffprobe -f lavfi -i movie=input_file,signalstats -show_entries frame=pkt_pts_time:frame_tags=lavfi.signalstats.YDIF -of csv

This ffprobe command prints a CSV correlating timestamps and their YDIF values, useful for determining cuts.

ffprobe

starts the command

-f lavfi

uses the Libavfilter input virtual device as chosen format

-i movie=input file

path, name and extension of the input video file

,

comma signifies closing of video source assertion and ready for filter assertion

signalstats

tells ffprobe to use the signalstats command

-show_entries

sets list of entries to show per column, determined on the next line

frame=pkt_pts_time:frame_tags=lavfi.signalstats.YDIF

specifies showing the timecode (pkt_pts_time) in the frame stream and the YDIF section of the frame_tags stream

-of csv

sets the output printing format to CSV. -of is an alias of -print_format.

Cover head switching noise

ffmpeg -i input_file -filter:v drawbox=w=iw:h=7:y=ih-h:t=max output_file

This command will draw a black box over a small area of the bottom of the frame, which can be used to cover up head switching noise.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-i input_file

path, name and extension of the input file

-filter:v drawbox=

This calls the drawtext filter with the following options:

w=in_w

Width is set to the input width. Shorthand for this command would be w=iw

h=7

Height is set to 7 pixels.

y=ih-h

Y represents the offset, and ih-h sets it to the input height minus the height declared in the previous parameter, setting the box at the bottom of the frame.

t=max

T represents the thickness of the drawn box. Default is 3.

output_file

path and name of the output file

Record and live-stream simultaneously

ffmpeg -re -i ${INPUTFILE} -map 0 -flags +global_header -vf scale="1280:-1,format=yuv420p" -pix_fmt yuv420p -level 3.1 -vsync passthrough -crf 26 -g 50 -bufsize 3500k -maxrate 1800k -c:v libx264 -c:a aac -b:a 128000 -r:a 44100 -ac 2 -t ${STREAMDURATION} -f tee "[movflags=+faststart]${TARGETFILE}|[f=flv]${STREAMTARGET}"

I use this script to stream to a RTMP target and record the stream locally as .mp4 with only one ffmpeg-instance.

As input, I use bmdcapture which is piped to ffmpeg. But it can also be used with a static videofile as input.

The input will be scaled to 1280px width, maintaining height. Also the stream will stop after a given time (see -t option.)

Notes

1. I recommend to use this inside a shell script - then you can define the variables ${INPUTFILE}, ${STREAMDURATION}, ${TARGETFILE}, and ${STREAMTARGET}.
2. This is in daily use to live-stream a real-world TV show. No errors for nearly 4 years. Some parameters were found by trial-and-error or empiric testing. So suggestions/questions are welcome.

ffmpeg

starts the command

-re

Read input at native framerate

-i input.mov

The input file. Can also be a - to use STDIN if you pipe in from webcam or SDI.

-map 0

map ALL streams from input file to output

-flags +global_header

Don't place extra data in every keyframe

-vf scale="1280:-1"

Scale to 1280 width, maintain aspect ratio.

-pix_fmt yuv420p

convert to 4:2:0 chroma subsampling scheme

-level 3.1

H.264 Level (defines some thresholds for bitrate)

-vsync passthrough

Each frame is passed with its timestamp from the demuxer to the muxer.

-crf 26

Constant rate factor - basically the quality

-g 50

GOP size.

-bufsize 3500k

Ratecontrol buffer size (~ maxrate x2)

-maxrate 1800k

Maximum bit rate

-c:v libx264

encode output video stream as H.264

-c:a aac

encode output audio stream as AAC

-b:a 128000

The audio bitrate

-r:a 44100

The audio samplerate

-ac 2

Two audio channels

-t ${STREAMDURATION}

Time (in seconds) after which the stream should automatically end.

-f tee

Use multiple outputs. Outputs defined below.

"[movflags=+faststart]target-file.mp4|[f=flv]rtmp://stream-url/stream-id"

The outputs, separated by a pipe (|). The first is the local file, the second is the live stream. Options for each target are given in square brackets before the target.

View information about a specific decoder, encoder, demuxer, muxer, or filter

ffmpeg -h type=name

ffmpeg

starts the command

-h

Call the help option

type=name

tells FFmpeg which kind of option you want, for example:

• encoder=libx264
• decoder=mp3
• muxer=matroska
• demuxer=mov
• filter=crop

Find Drive Offset for Exact CD Ripping

If you want to make CD rips that can be verified via checksums to other rips of the same content, you need to know the offset of your CD drive. Put simply, different models of CD drives have different offsets, meaning they start reading in slightly different locations. This must be compensated for in order for files created on different (model) drives to generate the same checksum. For a more detailed explanation of drive offsets see the explanation here. In order to find your drive offset, first you will need to know exactly what model your drive is, then you can look it up in the list of drive offsets by Accurate Rip.

Often it can be difficult to tell what model your drive is simply by looking at it - it may be housed inside your computer or have external branding that is different from the actual drive manufacturer. For this reason, it can be useful to query your drive with CD ripping software in order to ID it. The following commands should give you a better idea of what drive you have.

Cdda2wav: cdda2wav -scanbus or simply cdda2wav

CD Paranoia: cdparanoia -vsQ

Once you have IDed your drive, you can search the Accurate Rip CD drive offset list to find the correct offset for your drive as sourced by the community.

Note: A very effective GUI based tool (macOS specific) for both for discovering drive offset as well as accurately ripping CDDAs is XLD. Instructions for calibrating XLD can be found at this page.

Rip a CD with CD Paranoia

cdparanoia -L -B -O [Drive Offset] [Starting Track Number]-[Ending Track Number] output_file.wav

This command will use CD Paranoia to rip a CD into separate tracks while compensating for the sample offset of the CD drive. (For more information about drive offset see the related ffmprovisr command.)

cdparanoia

begins the cdparanoia command.

-L

creates verbose logfile.

-B

puts CD Paranoia into 'batch' mode, which will automatically split tracks into separate files.

-O [Drive Offset]

allows you to specify the sample offset of your drive. Skip this flag to rip without offset correction.

[Starting Track Number]-[Ending Track Number]

specifies which tracks to write. For example 1-4 would rip tracks one through four.

output_file.wav

the desired name for your output file(s) (for example the CD name). CD Paranoia will prepend this with track numbers.

Rip a CD with Cdda2wav

cdda2wav -L0 -t all -cuefile -paranoia paraopts=retries=200,readahead=600,minoverlap=sectors-per-request-1 -verbose-level all output.wav

Cdda2wav is a tool that uses the Paranoia library to facilitate accurate ripping of audio CDs (CDDA). It can be installed via Homebrew with the command brew install cdrtools. This command will accurately rip an audio CD into a single wave file, while querying the CDDB database for track information and creating a cue sheet. This cue sheet can then be used either for playback of the WAV file or to split it into individual access files. Any cdtext information that is discovered will be stored as a sidecar. For more information about cue sheets see this Wikipedia article.

Notes: On macOS the CD must be unmounted before this command is run. This can be done with the command sudo umount '/Volumes/Name_of_CD'

As of writing, when using the default Homebrew installed version of Cdda2wav some drives will falsely report errors on all rips. If this is occurring, a possible solution is to use the command brew install --devel cdrtools to install a more recent build that incorporates a fix.

cdda2wav

begins the Cdda2wav command

-L0

tells Cdda2wav to query the CDDB database for track name information. L0 is 'interactive mode' meaning Cdda2wav will ask you to confirm choices in the event of multiple matches. Change this to -L1 to automatically select the first database match.

-t all

tells Cdda2wav to rip the entire CD to one file

-cuefile

tells Cdda2wav to create a cue file of CD contents

-paranoia

enables the Paranoia library for ripping

paraopts=retries=200,readahead=600,minoverlap=sectors-per-request-1

configures ripping to a generically conservative setting for retries and caching. These values were taken from the Cdda2wav man file and can be changed depending on needs, such as for more/less retry attempts. For more information see the Cdda2wav man file (also available online here).

-verbose-level all

sets terminal information to the most verbose view

output.wav

the desired name for your output file (for example the CD name).

Check/Compensate for CD Emphasis

While somewhat rare, certain CDs had 'emphasis' applied as a form of noise reduction. This seems to mostly affect early (1980s) era CDs and some CDs pressed in Japan. Emphasis is part of the Red Book standard and, if present, must be compensated for to ensure accurate playback. CDs that use emphasis contain flags on tracks that tell the CD player to de-emphasize the audio on playback. When ripping a CD with emphasis, it is important to take this into account and either apply de-emphasis while ripping, or if storing a 'flat' copy, create another de-emphasized listening copy.

The following commands will output information about the presence of emphasis when run on a target CD:

Cdda2wav: cdda2wav -J

CD Paranoia: cdparanoia -Q

In order to compensate for emphasis during ripping while using Cdda2wav, the -T flag can be added to the standard ripping command. For a recipe to compensate for a flat rip, see the section on de-emphasizing with FFmpeg.

About ImageMagick

ImageMagick is a free and open-source software suite for displaying, converting, and editing raster image and vector image files.

It's official website can be found here.

Another great resource with lots of supplemental explanations of filters is available at Fred's ImageMagick Scripts.

Unlike many other command line tools, ImageMagick isn't summoned by calling its name. Rather, ImageMagick installs links to several more specific commands: convert, montage, and mogrify, to name a few.

Compare two images

compare -metric ae image1.ext image2.ext null:

Compares two images to each other.

compare

starts the command

-metric ae

applies the absolute error count metric, returning the number of different pixels. Other parameters are available for image comparison.

image1.ext image2.ext

takes two images as input

null:

throws away the comparison image that would be generated

Create thumbnails

Creates thumbnails for all files in a folder and saves them in that folder.

mogrify -resize 80x80 -format jpg -quality 75 -path thumbs *.jpg

montage

starts the command

-resize 80x80

resizes copies of original images to 80x80 pixels

-format jpg

reformats original images to jpg

-quality 75

sets quality to 75 (out of 100), adding light compression to smaller files

-path thumbs

specifies where to save the thumbnails -- this goes to a folder within the active folder called "thumbs".
Note: You will have to make this folder if it doesn't already exist.

*.jpg

The asterisk acts as a "wildcard" to be applied to every file in the directory.

Create grid of images

montage @list.txt -tile 6x12 -geometry +0+0 output_grid.jpg

montage

starts the command

@list.txt

path and name of a text file containing a list of filenames, one per each line

-tile 6x12

specifies the dimensions of the proposed grid (6 images wide, 12 images long)

-geometry +0+0

specifies to include no spacing around any of the tiles; they will be flush against each other

output_grid.jpg

path and name of the output file

Get file signature data

convert -verbose input_file.ext | grep -i signature

Gets signature data from an image file, which is a hash that can be used to uniquely identify the image.

convert

starts the command

-verbose

sets verbose flag for collecting the most data

input_file.ext

path and name of image file

|

pipe the data into something else

grep

starts the grep command

-i signature

ignore case and search for the phrase "signature"

Remove exif data

mogrify -path ./stripped/ -strip *.jpg

Removes (strips) exif data and moves clean files to a new folder.

mogrify

starts the command

-path ./stripped/

sets directory within current directory called "stripped"

-strip

removes exif metadata

*.jpg

applies command to all .jpgs in current folder

Resize to width

convert input_file.ext -resize 750 output_file.ext

This script will also convert the file format, if the output has a different file extension than the input.

convert

starts the command

-i input_file.ext

path and name of the input file

-resize 750

resizes the image to 750 pixels wide, retaining aspect ratio

output_file.ext

path and name of the output file

About flac tool

The flac tool is the tool created by the FLAC project to transcode to/from FLAC and to manipulate metadata in FLAC files. One advantage it has over other tools used to transcode into FLAC is the capability of embedding foreign metadata (such as BWF metadata). This means that it is possible to compress a BWF file into FLAC and maintain the ability to transcode back into an identical BWF, metadata and all. For a more detailed explanation, see Dave Rice's article on the topic, from which the following commands are adapted.

Transcode to FLAC

Use this command to transcode from WAV to FLAC while maintaining BWF metadata

flac --best --keep-foreign-metadata --preserve-modtime --verify input.wav

flac

starts the command

-i input_file.ext

path and name of the input file

--best

sets the file for the most efficient compression (resulting in a smaller file at the expense of a slower process).

--keep-foreign-metadata

tells the flac tool to maintain original metadata within the FLAC file.

--preserve-modtime

preserves the file timestamps of the input file.

--verify

verifies the validity of the output file.

Transcode from FLAC

Use this command to transcode from FLAC to reconstruct original BWF file. Command is the same as the prior command with the exception of substituting --decode for best and changing the input to a .flac file.

flac --decode --keep-foreign-metadata --preserve-modtime --verify input.flac